1. The Rise of Cities HWH UNIT 6 CHAPTER 9.2

2. Percentage of English population living in cities over 20,000 people 1801: 17% 1851: 35% 1891: 54% London was the largest city in Europe By 1900, 9 cities in Europe had populations over 1 million

3. Urban Life More likely to die of disease than in countryside More people died each year than were born Immigration from countryside kept population from decreasing By 1900, death rates for cities and rural areas would be equal

4. Sanitation Problems Sewage Cholera Tuberculosis

5. Cholera Bacterium Epidemic in London, 1846

6. Solutions to Urban Problems Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Pasteurization

7. Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Sterilization techniques Antiseptic

8. Solutions to Urban Problems Edwin Chadwick (1800- 1890) and his “ sanitary idea ” (1848) Public Health Act of 1848

9. Urban Planning

10. Sewage Systems

11. Paris Under Napoleon III (1848- 1870) Napoleon IIIGeorges Haussmann

12. Changes to Paris Wider boulevards Sewage system Slums destroyed Public parks

13. Champs Elysees, 19 th Century

14. Widened Boulevards

15. Sewers

16. Paris Opera House

17. Arc de Triomphe

18. The Paris Metro, 1900

19. The London Underground, 1860s

21. Working Class Improvements Unions become legal in the 1870s More “Factory Acts” Pensions and Disability Insurance Increased Standard of Living