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Chapter 11 The Endocrine System
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Endocrine vs. Exocrine Exocrine – have ducts (tubes) Endocrine - ductless Secreted directly into body fluids Regulated by NS and ES Target cells Steroid hormones – link to cell, bind to nucleus, activate genes to make specific proteins
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Responding to hormones Lock and key system –hormone fits receptor on “target” cell target cell non- target cells secreting cell can’t read signal
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Prostaglandins Made from organs Act locally Potent Produced just before released Produce diverse and opposite effects
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Control of Hormonal Secretions Negative feedback Hypothalamus pituitary other endocrine glands NS glands directly Changes in internal environment glands Example: pancreas
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Maintaining homeostasis high low hormone 1 lowers body condition hormone 2 gland specific body condition raises body condition gland Feedback
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Glands
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Pituitary – base of brain, anterior and posterior lobes, **master gland Growth Hormone (GH) – stimulates size and division increases Pituitary dwarfism and giantism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ebhf1qKVA9A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yE_G84ewGEg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoYeU6onK3g Prolactin (PRL) – stimulates and sustains milk production Effect in males not understood TSH – controls thyroid secretions FSH – follicle-stimulating hormone
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Thyroid – in neck Thyroxine – regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids Requires iodine to make Hyper and hypo Calcitonin – regulates blood calcium and phosphate As calcium goes up, calcitonin increases This triggers osteoblasts and kidneys.
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Goiter Why we use iodized salt
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Thyroid Gland (thyroxin) Hypo Secretion (too little) –Low metabolic rate –Person is tired and often over weight Hyper Secretion (too much) –High metabolic rate –Person is “Hyper” and often thin
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Parathyroids – in thyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – increases calcium in blood Triggers osteoclasts and kidneys Hyper – bones soften and easily fracture, kidney stones Hypo – tetanic contractions
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Pancreas – inferior to stomach Exocrine and endocrine Islets of Langerhans Alpha cells – glucagon – increases blood sugar – how? Beta cells – insulin – decreases blood sugar – how? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrotOPg SkR4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrotOPg SkR4
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liver pancreas liver Regulation of Blood Sugar blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) insulin body cells take up sugar from blood liver stores sugar reduces appetite glucagon pancreas liver releases sugar triggers hunger high low Feedback Endocrine System Control Diabetes: insulin deficiency- results in an elevated blood sugar level (glucose)
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Diabetes Mellitus Type I – insulin-dependent (IDDM) Immune system destroys beta cells Usually before age 20 Type II – non-insulin-dependent (NODDM) Beta cells function, but body cells lose sensitivity to insulin Usually after age 40
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NPR story PTSD http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.h tml?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=159023 437&m=159018015http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.h tml?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=159023 437&m=159018015
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