1. How are Genes Regulated? DNA is present in (almost) all cells. – An exception: RBC Do all genes need to be transcribed into mRNA at the same time in each and every cell? – Ex: Eye cells produce proteins that contribute to eye color. Do muscle cells need to synthesis these proteins?

2. There are “switches” that turn genes “on” and “off” Transcription factors switch genes on and off Some genes are only turned on when needed

4. Regulation of Insulin Production Insulin is only produced when needed Regulates blood sugar – When blood sugar is high, your pancreas produces and releases insulin – Insulin attaches to cells, and signals them to absorb sugar from the bloodstream

6. Gene Mutations Linked to Diabetes Type 1: not enough insulin is produced Type 2: missing/non- working receptor protein