1. Review of Heavy-Ion Results from the CERN LHC David Evans The University of Birmingham IoP2015 joint Particle, Astroparticle, and Nuclear physics conference. University of Manchester 2015

2. Aims of Heavy-Ion Physics  We collide lead ions (& p-p, p-Pb) to study QCD at extreme energy densities over large volumes and long time-scales. 2  Study the QCD phase transition from nuclear matter to a deconfined state of quarks and gluons - The Quark-Gluon Plasma.  Study the physics of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QCD under extreme conditions).  Study the role of chiral symmetry in the generation of mass in hadrons (accounts for ~ 99% of mass of nuclear matter).  Study the nature of quark confinement.

3. Phases of Strongly Interacting Matter 3 Lattice QCD,  B = 0 Both statistical and lattice QCD predict that nuclear matter will undergo a phase transition, in to a deconfined state of quarks and gluons – a quark-gluon plasma, at a temperature of, T ~ 170 MeV and energy density,  ~ 1 GeV/fm 3. Heavy-Ion collisions far exceed these temperatures & densities at the LHC. colour

4. Heavy Ion Collisions pre-equilibration  QGP  hadronisation  freeze out Colliders: AGS, SPS, RHIC, LHC 4 Create QGP by colliding ultra-relativistic heavy ions  S NN (GeV) = 5.4 19 200 2760 (5500)

5. 5 Observables Jets Open charm, beauty 5

6. 6 6 LHC Detectors ALICE CMS ATLAS

7. Centrality Selection – Glauber Model Assume particle production is factorises into number of participants Npart number of collisions Ncoll Assume Negative Binomial Distribution for both f*Npart + (1-f) Ncoll Relation of percentile classes to Glauber values (, etc) purely geometrical by slicing in impact parameter Energy in ZDC (a.u.) 7

8. Charged Particle Multiplicity dN ch /d  versus  sdN ch /d  (Pb-Pb) Theory dN ch /d  = 1584  4 (stat.)  76 (syst.) Larger than most model predictions – good agreement between LHC experiments Rises with  s faster than pp Fits power law: Pb-Pb ~ s 0.15 Bjorken formula estimates energy density,  > 15 GeV/fm 3 (3 x RHIC) 8 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 252301 (2010) Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 032301 (2011)

9. 9 Bose–Einstein correlations (HBT) medium size: 2x larger than at RHIC – R out R side R long ~ 300 fm 3 – Volume ~ 5000 fm 3 medium life time: 40% longer than at RHIC –  ~ 10-11 fm/c ALICE, Phys. Lett. B 696 (2011) 328. QM enhancement of identical Bosons at small momentum difference enhancement of e.g. like-sign pions at low momentum difference qinv=|p1-p2|,

10. Particle Yields – Thermal Models ~ thermodynamic equilibrium ……… but with some tension! – T ~ 156 MeVespecially p and k * 10 origin of deviations? – feed down from resonance decays? – sequential freeze-out? – non-equilibrium freeze-out?

11. 11 QPG Temperature p T spectrum of (direct) photons emitted at LHC “Temperature”  300 MeV (  highest man-made temperature)

12. Particle spectra LHC results agree well between experiments Very significant changes in slope compared to RHIC Good agree between experiments e.g. ALICE/ATLAS in this case 12

13. 13 Does QGP have elliptic Flow? Angle of reaction planeFourier coefficient  pTpT Equal energy density contours P v2v2 x z y V 1 = directed flow.V 2 = elliptic flow. Study angular dependence of emitted particles 13

14. Elliptic Flow 14  v 2 shape is identical to RHIC  v 2 ~30% larger than RHIC: larger  ,K reproduced by hydro calculation  p ok for semi- peripheral but is a remaining challenge for central collisions ALICE, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 252302. Hydro-calcs.: Shen, Heinz, Huovinen and Song, arXiv:1105.3226.

15. Flow vs Centrality Flow strongest for semi-peripheral collisions (central collisions too symmetric). 15

16. Elliptic Flow 16 v 2 and spectra show clear mass ordering, in AA, expected in collective expansion scenario: elliptic and radial flow V 2 decreases with centrality (as expected) ALICE and CMS data agree 

17. V 2 at High P T V 2 drops to zero at high P T 17

18. Elliptic Flow – Higher Orders ATLAS Higher-order coefficients (n>2) do not show strong centrality dependence – consistent with fluctuations in initial state geometry being driving force. Superposition of flow harmonics, including higher orders, is sufficient to describe Ridge and Cone effects without implying medium response. 18 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 032301 (2011)

19. Full Harmonic Spectrum CMS Measure multi Vn - Over-constrain Hydro Models to get  /s, initial conditions etc. 19  closest Theory prediction  /S > 1/4  ≈    AdS/CFT: SUSY string theory in 5 dimensions ! Most perfect liquid ever produced

20. Elliptic Flow Charm  Non zero D meson v 2 (3σ in 2 < p T < 6 GeV/c)  Comparable with charged hadrons elliptic flow 20

21. 21 Jets in heavy ion collisions Studying deconfinement with jets di-quark quark Interaction at the quark (parton) level The same interaction at the hadron level pTpT pLpL p TOT jet soft beam jet Fragmentation radiated gluons heavy nucleus key QCD prediction: jets are quenched X.-N. Wang and M. Gyulassy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 1480 Free quarks not allowed when quark, anti-quark pairs are produced they fly apart producing back-to-back ‘jets’ of particles Quarks remain free in QGP and lose energy while travelling through 21

22. JETS 22

23. Jet Suppression Significant imbalance between leading and sub-leading jets for central collisions 23

24. No Jet Suppression in p-Pb 24

25. Nuclear Modification Factor particle interaction with medium stronger suppression at LHC ~factor 7 at 7 GeV/c 25 Leading Hadron quark-gluon plasma Divide p T spectra in Pb-Pb by p-p (with suitable normalisation factor)

26. R AA vs centrality Suppression increases with centrality. Minimum remains around 6-7 GeV/c 26

27. R AA In and Out of Plane Significant effect, even at 20 GeV and beyond 27  Sensitive to path length dependence of energy loss

28. R pA & R AA for  s, Ws & Zs 28

29. Centrality Dependence of Z Production 29 ATLAS, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 022301 Z→e+e-,μ+μ-Z→e+e-,μ+μ- Z 0 yields consistent with N coll scaling

30. R AA for different particles For hadrons containing heavy quarks, smaller suppression expected At high p T (>8-10 GeV/c) R AA universality for light hadrons 30

31. Energy Loss of Heavier Quarks Probe QGP with different quark flavours: u, d, s, c (For ALICE: b only after detector upgrade – 2018-2020) Theoretical expectation:  E light quark >  E massive quark Indication of mass effects ? High p T Suppression of charm

32. R AA Charm vs Bottom Comparing charm from ALICE and bottom (beauty) from CMS. First hint of flavour hierarchy 32

33. ϒ Suppression N Υ(2S) /N Υ(1S) | pp = 0.56 ± 0.13 ± 0.01 N Υ(2S) /N Υ(1S) | PbPb = 0.12 ± 0.03 ± 0.01 N Υ(3S) /N Υ(1S) | pp = 0.21 ± 0.11 ± 0.02 N Υ(3S) /N Υ(1S) | PbPb < 0.07 Ratios not corrected for acceptance and efficiency 33

34. ϒ Suppression 34 Strong suppression for less tightly bound ϒ states Very efficient melting of ϒ(3S) - not measurable (upper limit only)

35. P-Pb Data High P T Puzzle 35 High p T R pA from CMS: enhancement? (similar picture from ATLAS but Not ALICE) Not seen in jets Results rely on interpolated pp reference data  need pp data at 5 TeV

36. P-Pb – The Ridge 36 2 < p T,trig < 4 GeV/c 1 < p T,assoc < 2 GeV/c 20% highest multiplicity Near-side jet (Δϕ ~ 0, Δη ~ 0) Away-side jet (Δϕ ~ π, elongated in Δη) Near-side ridge (Δϕ ~ 0, elongated in Δη) in addition to near side peak and away-side recoil… … there’s an additional near side ridge in p-Pb first observed by CMS [PLB718 (2013) 795] PLB719 (2013) 29

37. P-Pb: The Double Ridge Separation of jet and ridge components – In 60-100% no ridge seen, similar to pp What remains if we subtract 60-100%? 37 0-20% 60-100% - = Leaves double ridged structure => [ALICE, PLB719 (2013) 29] the origin of this structure is still unknown! similar structure observed in Pb-Pb is attributed to hydrodynamic flow… CGC-glasma graphs can also produce symmetric ridges?

38. Summary We have started to piece together the standard model of heavy-ion collisions We have measured many of the global features – Phase transition temperature - Agrees with theory T c ~ 160 MeV – Energy density - Over 10x critical energy density,  > 15 GeV/fm 3 – size & lifetime of system ~ 5000 fm 3,  ~ 10-11 fm/c Started to measure dynamical features – Strong elliptical flow – ideal liquid – Strong suppression of jets and high p T particles – Little evidence of quark mass dependence on energy loss for lighter quarks (unlike predictions – although dependence seen between charm and bottom) – ϒ’ and ϒ’’ suppressed. p-Pb reference data turning out to be interesting in its own right. lots of work and exciting physics to look forward to. Thank you for listening 38