1. CAMS AND FOLLOWERS SUBMITTED BY:- Guided By:
PATEL HIREN K. ( )
YASH LIMBUWALA ( )
KUSH THAKKER ( )
BHARGAV VEGAD ( )
TEJPRATAP K. GUPTA ( )
Guided By:
P.S. Gajjar Sir
Y.B.Jadeja Sir

2. Introduction
A cam is a mechanical member used to impart desired motion to a follower by direct contact.
The cam may be rotating or reciprocating whereas the follower may be rotating, reciprocating or oscillating.
Complicated output motions which are otherwise difficult to achieve can easily be produced with the help of cams.
Cams are widely used in automatic machines, internal combustion engines, machine tools, printing control mechanisms, and so on.
They are manufactured usually by die-casting, milling or by punch-presses.
A cam and the follower combination belong to the category of higher pairs.
Necessary elements of a cam mechanism are
A driver member known as the cam
A driven member called the follower
A frame which supports the cam and guides the follower

3. Cams are classified according to
TYPES OF CAMS
Cams are classified according to
1. shape,
2. follower movement, and
3. manner of constraint of the follower.

4. I. According to Shape
1) Wedge and Flat Cams
A wedge cam has a wedge W which, in general, has a translational motion.
The follower F can either translate [Fig.(a)] or oscillate [Fig.(b)].
A spring is, usually, used to maintain the contact between the cam and the follower.
In Fig.(c), the cam is stationary and the follower constraint or guide G causes the relative motion of the cam and the follower.

5. Radial or Disc Cams
A cam in which the follower moves radially from the centre of rotation of the cam is known as a radial or a disc cam (Fig. (a) and (b)].
Radial cams are very popular due to their simplicity and compactness.

6. Spiral Cams
A spiral cam is a face cam in which a groove is cut in the form of a spiral as shown in Fig.
The spiral groove consists of teeth which mesh with a pin gear follower.
The velocity of the follower is proportional to the radial distance of the groove from the axis of the cam.
The use of such a cam is limited as the cam has to reverse the direction to reset the position of the follower. It finds its use in computers.

7. 4. Cylindrical Cams
In a cylindrical cam, a cylinder which has a circumferential contour cut in the surface, rotates about its axis.
The follower motion can be of two types as follows: In the first type, a groove is cut on the surface of the cam and a roller follower has a constrained (or positive) oscillating motion [Fig.(a)].
Another type is an end cam in which the end of the cylinder is the working surface (b).
A spring-loaded follower translates along or parallel to the axis of the rotating cylinder.

8. 5. Conjugate Cams
A conjugate cam is a double-disc cam, the two discs being keyed together and are in constant touch with the two rollers of a follower (shown in Fig.).
Thus, the follower has a positive constraint.
Such a type of cam is preferred when the requirements are low wear, low noise, better control of the follower, high speed, high dynamic loads, etc.

9. 6. Globoidal Cams
A globoidal cam can have two types of surfaces, convex or concave.
A circumferential contour is cut on the surface of rotation of the cam to impart motion to the follower which has an oscillatory motion (Fig.).
The application of such cams is limited to moderate speeds and where the angle of oscillation of the follower is large.

10. 7. Spherical Cams
In a spherical cam, the follower oscillates about an axis perpendicular to the axis surface of rotation of the cam.
Note that in a disc cam, the follower oscillates about an axis parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam.
A spherical cam is in the form of a spherical surface which transmits motion to the follower (Fig.).

11. Classification of Followers
According to the surface in contact.
Knife edge follower.
When the contacting end of the follower has a sharp knife edge, it is called a knife edge follower, as shown in Fig.(a).
The sliding motion takes place between the contacting surfaces (i.e. the knife edge and the cam surface).
It is seldom used in practice because the small area of contacting surface results in excessive wear.

12. (b) Roller follower.
When the contacting end of the follower is a roller, it is called a roller follower, as shown in Fig. (b).
Since the rolling motion takes place between the contacting surfaces (i.e. the roller and the cam), therefore the rate of wear is greatly reduced.
In roller followers also the side thrust exists between the follower and the guide.
The roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas and oil engines and aircraft engines.

13. (c) Flat faced or mushroom follower.
When the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly flat face, it is called a flat-faced follower, as shown in Fig (c).
It may be noted that the side thrust between the follower and the guide is much reduced in case of flat faced followers.
The only side thrust is due to friction between the contact surfaces of the follower and the cam.
The flat faced followers are generally used where space is limited such as in cams which operate the valves of automobile engines.
When the flat faced follower is circular, it is then called a mushroom follower.

14. (d) Spherical faced follower.
When the contacting end of the follower is of spherical shape, it is called a spherical faced follower, as shown in Fig. (d).
It may be noted that when a flat-faced follower is used in automobile engines, high surface stresses are produced.
In order to minimize these stresses, the flat end of the follower is machined to a spherical shape.

15. 2. According to the motion of the follower
(a) Reciprocating or translating follower.
When the follower reciprocates in guides as the cam rotates uniformly, it is known as reciprocating or translating follower.
The followers as shown in Fig. (a) to (d) are all reciprocating or translating followers.

16. (b) Oscillating or rotating follower.
When the uniform rotary motion of the cam is converted into predetermined oscillatory motion of the follower, it is called oscillating or rotating follower.
The follower, as shown in (e), is an oscillating or rotating follower.

17. 3. According to the path of motion of the follower.
(a) Radial follower. When the motion of the follower is along an axis passing through the centre of the cam, it is known as radial follower.
The followers, as shown in Fig. (a)
to (c), are all radial followers.
(b) Off-set follower.
When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the cam centre, it is called off-set follower. The follower, as shown in Fig. ( f ), is an off-set follower.

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