1. THE NORTH AND SOUTH FACE OFF American History II Chapter 12, Section 3

2. How did both the Union and Confederacy develop strategies in an attempt to subdue one another? North’s primary goal: Restore the Union Three-part strategy: 1. Capture Richmond, Virginia – Confederate capital 2. Gain control of the Mississippi River 3. Institute naval blockade of the South Anaconda Plan – designed to slowly squeeze the life out of the South Strategy based on geography Appalachian Mountains divided Civil War into two arenas Eastern theater: east of Appalachians Western theater: between mountains and Mississippi River Control of Mississippi River enable North to go deep into the South Prevent Confederacy from using the waterway to resupply forces 2

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4. How did both the Union and Confederacy develop strategies in an attempt to subdue one another? South’s plan: Capture Washington and invade the North Hoped to shatter northern morale, disrupt Union communications, win European support (France and Britain), and bring the war to a quick end European support? South hoped France and Britain were dependent on Confederate cotton They weren’t – stockpiled cotton before fall of Ft. Sumter Turned to Egypt and India for cotton France was fighting an uprising in Mexico 4

5. What was the military experience like for soldiers in the Civil War? Young recruits for both sides were generally enthusiastic when first enlisted. Had little experience with military life Both sides faced shortages of clothing, food, and weapons. Uniforms: Beginning – no standard uniforms Union = blue Confederacy = gray Lacked good shoes and warm coats throughout the war 5

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7. What was the military experience like for soldiers in the Civil War? Diseases: Unsanitary conditions – spoiled food Influenza, pneumonia, typhoid took thousands of lives Disease, infection, and malnutrition killed more than 65% of soldiers who died during the war. Medical help Little medical provisions Surgery without pain-killing anesthetics Boredom, homesickness, and loneliness led some men to desert the cause. 7

8. How did civilians on the home front help with the war efforts on the front lines? Women, men too young, too old, or physically unable to fight fulfilled important responsibilities on the home front. The North: Women replaced male factory workers and farmers Arsenals, factories, and sewing rooms Clerks in the Treasury Department – government’s first female office workers Bankers, morticians, saloon keepers, steamboat captains Civilians participated in volunteer groups to raise money for the Union cause Ladies Aid Societies – made bandages, bedclothes, and shirts American Freedman’s Aid Commission – provided female schoolteachers to educate former slaves State and local governments established homes for injured soldiers 8

9. How did civilians on the home front help with the war efforts on the front lines? The South: Supported war efforts with patriotic events Parades, barbeques, raffles, and auctions Young men urged to join the army Wealthy people pledged money to buy arms and uniforms Blockade – harsh effects set in Prices on the rise due to short supply of necessities Inability to obtain medicines City life hit hardest by the war Families forced to live in single rooms Food shortages – forced to live on beans, boiled potatoes, and corn fritters 9

10. How did civilian aid on the battlefield help soldiers during the war? Many women actively aided the military Dressed as men to enlist to fight for their army Used as spies Medical roles Catholic nuns turned convents into emergency hospitals Remained neutral – treated all victims of the war Only group permitted to move freely between Union and Confederate lines Northern influences Elizabeth Blackwell – first woman to become professionally licensed doctor in U.S. Helped run U.S. Sanitary Commission – battled the diseases and infections that killed the soldiers Clara Barton – cared for wounded on the battlefield Founded the American Red Cross Southern influences Sally Louisa Tompkins – commissioned as a captain in Confederate army so her Richmond, VA hospital could qualify as a military hospital 10

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12. How did both the Union and Confederacy show opposition to the war? Southern opposition: Decrease in number of volunteers caused Confederacy to pass a conscription act (draft) First one in U.S. history Placed major burden on poor farmers and workers to fight the war Draft exemptions for large plantation owners created social class tension Slaveholders had to remain at home to keep their slaves from running off Soldiers permitted to pay farmers far below market value for food, animals, and other property Placed heavy burden on food-producing families Contributed to serious food shortages Fear of starvation led to food riots 12

13. How did both the Union and Confederacy show opposition to the war? Northern opposition: Some northerners sympathized with the South and urged peace Believed war was proving too costly in terms of money and human life 1863 – Union draft law caused violence to break out in New York City White working-class men threatened by freed African Americans Take their jobs Angry whites raged through African American neighborhoods, attacking and killing people and looting and burning buildings More than 100 people had been killed Southern sympathizers – Copperheads – limited antiwar activities to speeches and newspaper articles President Lincoln suspended some civil liberties – habeas corpus 13

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