1. Copyright Whose is it? And who benefits?

2. Copyright: ownership and benefits What kind of right? The individual and society How copyright has grown The academy as producer The academy as consumer Options between private and public benefit

3. What kind of right? A property right, giving: control over use and circulation economic benefits moral rights – integrity, ‘paternity’ Also establishes circumstances in which the owner cannot prevent use

4. What kind of right? How absolute is a property right? An American steals a personal stereo from his neighbour. The Bangladesh government manufactures a patented medicine against TB, and pays no royalties.

5. The individual and society Even where society recognises your ownership, it insists there are circumstances in which you cannot prevent use: Fair dealing Statutory licences Guaranteed access

6. How copyright has grown Extension of rights or limitation of rights? Time! 70 years Scope: databases, technical measures

7. The growing scope of copyright Protection for technical measures creates a kind of ‘collateral damage’: it can go far beyond any society’s intended scope of copyright Infringing fair dealing or guaranteed access Obstructing free movement of goods Potential absolute barrier to social use

8. The academy as producer Output created at taxpayers’ expense, then sold back to the taxpayer! Publisher’s role Periodicals price index

9. Open access Author forgoes some exclusive rights of exploitation Requires publicly supported, non- commercial archive Difficulty over peer review, associated recognition for assessment and promotion

10. The academy as producer Not-for-profit publishers Mismatch between production and consumption

11. The academy as consumer Geographical spread Immediacy Use of L2 Political and economic imperatives for inclusion Changing subject mixes: vocational Segmentation and specialisation

12. Between public and private benefit Statutory licences and collecting societies Different forms of copyright ownership: author to publisher publisher to subscriber/user Accountable to all stakeholders

13. Statutory licences Quantitative limits: proportion of work Record-keeping Fair remuneration/impact on rightsholders’ business Balance between users’ and creators’ rights Overcome furtiveness, uncertainty, enforcement difficulties