1. 11.1 What is an Animal? 11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians 11.3 Worms and Mollusks 11.4 Arthropods 11.5 Echinoderms Table of Contents Chapter Preview 11.1 What is an Animal? 11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians 11.3 Worms and Mollusks 11.4 Arthropods 11.5 Echinoderms

2. Chapter 11 Preview Questions 1. Which of the following animals appeared first during Earth’s history? a. fishes b. mammals c. worms d. reptiles

3. Chapter 11 Preview Questions 1. Which of the following animals appeared first during Earth’s history? a. fishes b. mammals c. worms d. reptiles

4. Chapter 11 Preview Questions 2. Which of the following structures is NOT found in animal cells? a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. mitochondria d. nucleus

5. Chapter 11Preview Questions 2. Which of the following structures is NOT found in animal cells? a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. mitochondria d. nucleus

6. Chapter 11 Preview Questions 3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it a. has two parent organisms. b. undergoes conjugation. c. is genetically identical to its offspring. d. inherits two different sets of alleles.

7. Chapter 11 Preview Questions 3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it a. has two parent organisms. b. undergoes conjugation. c. is genetically identical to its offspring. d. inherits two different sets of alleles.

8. Chapter 11 Preview Questions 4. If an animal has specialized tissues and organs, the animal’s cells have undergone a. photosynthesis. b. osmosis. c. selective breeding. d. differentiation.

9. Chapter 11 Preview Questions 4. If an animal has specialized tissues and organs, the animal’s cells have undergone a. photosynthesis. b. osmosis. c. selective breeding. d. differentiation.

10. Use Clues to Determine Meaning The animals called cnidarians have two different body plans. One form looks something like a vase. The vase-shaped body plan is called a polyp. A polypís mouth opens at the top and its tentacles spread out from around the mouth. What a polyp is Additional information about a polyp

11. Apply It! 1. In your own words, what is the meaning of polyp? Sample: A polyp is a vase-shaped cnidarian. 2. What sentence contains the definition of polyp? Sentence 3 3. What other clues help you understand the meaning of polyp? The last sentence tells me it has a mouth that opens at the top and is surrounded by spreading tentacles.

12. SPONTANEOUS GENERATION FRANCISCO REDI FRANCISCO REDI Similar to Louis Pasteur's spontaneous generation experiment, the 17th century Italian scientist Franceso Redi conducted an experiment to refute the theory of Spontaneous Generation nearly 200 years earlier.

13. Spontaneous Generation Before the 17 th century, the belief of where life came from was Spontaneous Generation: Living things come from non-living things Ex. Throwing waste into the street creates rats and flies Four scientists tested this hypothesis: *Redi *Spallanzani *Needham *Pasteur

14. Redi’s Experiment Jars of meat Two open jars vs. two closed jars Result: Maggots and flies were only found in the open jars What do these results tell us?

15. Needham It was known at the time that heat was lethal to living organisms. Needham theorized that if he took chicken broth and heated it, all living things in it would die. After heating some broth, he let a flask cool and sit at a constant temperature. Result: Lots of microorganisms grew in flask What do these results tell us?

16. Spallanzani’s Experiment Took Needham’s testing further and sealed some of the jars so no air could enter Boiled meat broth in two flasks Open flask vs. sealed flask Result: After three days, the broth in the open flask was cloudy = microorganism growth What do these results tell us?

17. Conclusion to all 3 experiments: spontaneous generation disproved spontaneous generation disproved The New hypothesis: biogenesis: all living things come from other living things.

18. Section 11.1: What is an Animal? How are animal bodies typically organized? What are the four major functions of animals? What is symmetry? How are animals classified?

19. Structure of Animals The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems.

20. Structure of Animals The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems.

21. Classification of Animals This branching tree shows how the major animal groups are related.

22. Section 11.2: Sponges and Cnidarians? Sponges What are the main characteristics of sponges? What are the main characteristics of cnidarians?

23. 11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians

24. Sponges are basic they have no tissue or organs- just cells. Sponges are from the phylum Porifera. They are also known as poriferans. Sponges are the simplest organisms classified as animals.

25. Most adult poriferans are considered to have asymmetrical body shapes. They grow in random ways. The environment influences their growth more than their genetic makeup. TWO STAGES OF LIFE= Swimming stage-larvae Anchored stage

26. SPONGE CELLS The Collar cells= flagella to move water into the sponge. Spikes = rigid cells that give support Jelly like cell= digest and distribute food, remove waste, sperm and eggs Pores =water moves in and exits out the osculum at the top of the sponge

27. Sponges Structures surrounding the central cavity of a sponge are adapted for different functions.

28. Cnidarians Cnidarians have two basic body plans, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl- shaped medusa.

29. CNIDARIANS Anemone and coral are shaped with one end attached to something solid and the other end with tentacles moving out into the water. They have stinging cells to defend themselves

30. Cnidarians Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.

31. Cnidarians The life cycle of a moon jelly has both a polyp and a medusa stage, and both sexual and asexual reproduction.

32. Reproduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= oHiVA9J_YIM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= oHiVA9J_YIM&feature=related

33. Section 11.3: Worms and Mollusks What are the main characteristics of worms? What are the main characteristics of each phylum of worms? What are the main characteristics of mollusks? What are eth main groups of mollusks?

34. mollusks Although they don’t look much alike at first, a snail, a clam, and a squid have the same basic body structures. Soft bodies Most with a hard shell Mantle to secrete shell and protect organs

35. Characteristics of Mollusks Although they don’t look much alike at first, a snail, a clam, and a squid have the same basic body structures.

36. Examples of Mollusks Clams Oysters Scallops Octopuses Snails

37. Phylum Molluska Characteristics of Mollusks Soft bodies Most with a hard shell Mantle to secrete shell and protect organs 3 Major Groups of Mollusks 1.Gastropods: snails and slugs 2.Bivalves: clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels 3. Cephalopods: Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, and nautiluses

38. Gastropods 1. Gastropods: snails and slugs A single shell or no shell “Stomach foot”

39. Snails and Slugs 1. Gastropods= snails and slugs A single shell or no shell “Stomach foot” have an organ called a radula, which tears and scrapes up food.

40. Snails and Slugs Gastropods such as this land snail have an organ called a radula, which tears and scrapes up food.

41. BIVALVES clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels Two shells Filter feeders http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=mO44qj7evA4

42. Bivalves 2. Bivalves: clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels Two shells Filter feeders

43. CEPHALOPODS Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, and nautiluses Swim by jet propulsion Complex nervous system Muscular tentacles with suckers

44. Cephalopods Cephalopods: Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, and nautiluses Swim by jet propulsion Complex nervous system Muscular tentacles with suckers

45. Characteristics of Worms Biologists classify worms into three major phyla—flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms.

46. Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes Planarians Parasitic flukes Tapeworms They are distinguished by having a simple flattened body.

47. Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm This tapeworm is a parasite that lives in more that one host during its life cycle.

48. Roundworms Parasites to animals and humans Nemtodes

49. Segmented Worms Phylum annelid Earthworms Body made up of many segments

50. Section 11.4: Arthropods What are the general characteristics of arthropods? What are the distinguishing structures of crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, and insects?

51. Arthropods Ch 11.4 Characteristics of Arthropods Invertebrates Exoskeleton Segmented bodies “Jointed bodies” Open circulatory system Major Groups of Arthropods 1. Crustaceans 2. Arachnids: 3. Centipedes and millipedes

52. Crustaceans 1.Crustaceans: crabs, barnacles, shrimp, crayfish Two or three body sections 3 pair of appendages for chewing 5 or more pair of legs

53. Crustaceans A crustacean is an arthropod that has two or three body sections, five or more pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae.

54. Arachnids 2.Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, and scorpions Two body sections 8 pair of legs no antennae

55. . Arachnids spiders, ticks, mites, & scorpions Two body sections 8 pair of legs no antennae

56. Insects Phylum Arthropoda Characteristics of Insects Invertebrates Exoskeleton Three body sections (head, thorax, abdomen) One or two pair of wings Open circulatory system Six legs Communication Sound Pheromones (perfume for insects)

57. Body Structure Insects are arthropods with three body sections, six legs, one pair of antennae, and usually one or two pairs of wings.

58. Life Cycle An insect with complete metamorphosis has four different stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

59. Life Cycle An insect with gradual metamorphosis has no distinct larval stage. An egg hatches into a stage called a nymph, which usually looks like the adult insect without wings.

60. Defense in Insects Flying Camouflage Exoskeleton Smell or taste Stingers

61. Communication Sound Pheromones (perfume for insects)

62. Centipedes and millipedes Segmented bodies Appendages on each segment Centipedes are carnivores

63. Centipedes and millipedes Segmented bodies Appendages on each segment Centipedes are carnivores

64. Section 11.5: Echinoderms What are the main characteristics of echinoderms? What are the major groups of echinoderms?

65. Phylum Echinodermata Characteristics of Echinoderms Radial symmetry Ocean dwellers “spiney skinned” Endoskeleton of calcium plates Water vascular system Tube feet

66. Characteristics of Echinoderms Echinoderms, such as this sea star, have a water vascular system that helps them move and catch food.

67. Diversity of Echinoderms There are four major groups of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. All have radial symmetry and are found in the ocean.