2. World War I Standard 10.5 M.A.I.N. Causes

3. M.A.I.N. Causes “M” Militarism ▫The policy of glorifying military power. ▫Keeping an army prepared for war  Connection: Industrialization helped countries produce weapons. Industrialized countries had an advantage during a large world war. Primary source page 408: ▫“The entire population…are preparing to massacre one another…though no one wants to attack.”

5. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

6. M.A.I.N. Causes – “A” Alliance System ▫The enemy of my enemy is … my “friend” (?). ▫Commitments to help defend if one is attacked. ▫An Attack on one is an attack on all.  Regardless of personal beliefs.

7. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Great Britian Russia France Italy Austria Hungary Germany

8. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: Turkey

9. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

10. Europe in 1914 - Alliances

11. M.A.I.N. Causes – “I” Imperialism= COMPETITION for resources and colonies.

12. M.A.I.N. Causes – “N” Nationalism Feelings of pride became feelings of superiority. Imperialist competition made the feeling very aggressive. Nations became suspicious and distrustful of each other.

13. Casus Belli Casus Belli Casus belli is a Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. Casus means "incident", "rupture" or indeed "case", while belli means "of war".Latin language

14. 1.1871 2.Militarism 3.The Alliance System

15. 1871 (Just after the Unifications of Italy and Germany)

16. The world was a much better place in 1871 Capitalism had created abundant affluence La belle époque (the golden age) International law ensured everyone had rights and they were respected by others But there was a serious gap between reality and theory –the Great Powers dominated - Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, Italy, France They were spokesmen for the Concert of Europe

17. Peace and stability was based on the balance of power An attack against one was an attack against all Liberal ideals were being replaced by more conservative thoughts Western Europe was considered solidified national units The unification of Germany had involved 3 wars and humiliated France France lost the Franco-Prussian war and also Alsace and Lorraine

18. Alsace had been part of the HRE but had been French for over 200 years Lorraine was wholly French in population The Germans hoped the French would accept the loss – wrong! A modern Europe required a German state, but which lands would that involve? Nowhere did political frontiers match lines of nationality Gladstone supported every countries’ claim to independence Yet eastern Europe was a quilt of countries wanting independence

19. Rumania had been created in 1871 and had been ruled by the Turks, Germans, and Austrians Poland was a bigger issue because it lay in the borders of 3 other countries – Prussia, Austria, and Russia Bismarck had supported Russia repression of the Poles in exchange for Russian neutrality in the Franco-Prussian War 1870 There where 4 great empires in eastern Europe: Germany, Russia, Austria, Turkey (Ottoman)

20. There were also 4 independent countries: Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Greece They all shared 2 traits: a) hatred of the Turks b) the ability to be friends with Great Powers

21. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

22. Austria Austria had an empire but it wasn’t a nation – it was entirely comprised of minorities 1860 Austria was defeated by the French 1866 Austria was defeated by the Germans By 1867 Austria was neither a German nor Italian power but it had millions of both In 1867 Austria-Hungary was created – 2 countries – 1 ruler, hence the Dual Monarchy Hungary was ruled by the Magyars, very pro- German and anti-Slav and anti-Russian

23. Nobody could afford a war There would be no winner The growth of pacifism -war was a thing of the past - we were civilized. Europe had seen almost 100 years of peace (1871 minor war) It would be the localized Third Balkan War that would become World War I

24. Business prevented any island from being isolated Foreign investment was so large Better communication, cheap newspapers Better educated people Even victory would be expensive Ivan Bloch - The Future of War Norman Angell The Great Illusion (1910) won the Nobel Prize for PEACE. The problem was that there was no means for negotiating peace

25. European countries controlled the world wanted to isolate France Bismarck Germany - won the Franco-Prussian war, gained Alsace and Lorraine, wanted to isolate France, economic stability, led by the Iron Chancellor Bismarck, little interest in colonialism, unified. France - lost Alsace and Lorraine, weak military, imperialistic in Asia and Africa. Great Britain - “splendid isolation”, colonial conflicts with France and Russia

26. Austria - wanted to limit Slavic nationalism on southern border and hostile nationalism within the borders CRIMEAN WAR. Russia - very imperialistic throughout the century – but overland: in the Balkans; disputes with Austria over Slavs; Ottomans; Japanese,CRIMEAN WAR. Italy - interest in North Africa led to disputes with France. The Balkans - a politically unstable region comprised of many ethnic groups. Mostly Christian. United States - not involved in global affairs

27. Militarism: The Arms Race Militarism:

28. By 1908 the German army was getting the most money By 1914: a) Germany had the second largest navy - behind Britain b) Had pushed Britain closer to France and Russia c) Had wasted considerable money because the fleet was bottled up for most of the war d) If those resources had gone to the army Germany would have won the war William II was a proponent of the arms race 1890 German army was 20,000 1913 German army was 800,000

29. William was envious of the British A navy would: a) protect trade routes b) express greatness c) protect colonies Naval strength: Britain; France; America; Italy; Germany 1896 Alfred Tirpitz appointed Minister of Marine (Fisher was his British counterpart)

30. March 1898 - Naval Construction Act called for: 11 battleships 5 heavy cruisers 17 small cruisers by 1905 Tirpitz claimed a navy would make Germany great - (Bismarck had said it would drive Britain to France) Dec 1899 Hihenlohe called for a “Risk Fleet” - so no power could pose a risk

31. June 1900 a new naval bill: a) called 38 battleships in 20 years b) regardless of cost c) Reichstag to have no control over spending 1905 Britain started the H.M.S. Dreadnought 1906 German starts her own Dreadnought, with demands for 6 before 1918, but their model was susceptible to explosions Britain was forced into the Naval Panic of 1909 But Germany couldn’t afford the largest navy and largest army

32. Alliances The Dual Alliance The Three Emperor’s League Alliances The Dual Alliance The Three Emperor’s League

33. Alliances Alliance Theory: The enemy of my enemy is….. my “Friend”

34. The Russo-Turkish War 1877-8 Bulgaria revolted against Ottoman Empire (Turks) “sick man of Europe” Turks slaughter thousands of Slavs Serbia and Montenegro declared war on Ottomans Russia declares herself protector of the Slavs Treaty of San Stefano

35. Increased Russian power in the Balkans and threatened the Austrians At the Congress of Berlin (1878) Bismarck(Honest Broker) created: 1Independence for: Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania 2Austria received the right to administer Bosnia and Herzegovina 3Russia gained control of Bulgaria (windows to the west) and some regions of Turkey

36. The Driekaiserbund 1879 Germany and Austria signed the Dual Alliance - which remained in place for almost 40 years The Three Emperors’ League created by Bismarck to keep Austria and Russia at peace Germany - Kaiser William Austria - Emperor Francis Joseph Russia - Tsar Alexander

37. 1881 Driekaiserbund was revived: a) Acknowledged Russia had interest in Bulgaria b) Austria had interest in Bosnia- Herzegovenia c) promised neutrality if anyone was attacked by a fourth power

38. 1881 France makes Tunisia a protectorate Italy seeks allies 1882 Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria, Italy a) both would help Italy if Italy attacked by France b) Italy would help Germany if France attacked c) the treaty did not apply to Britain Germany has treaties with Austria, Italy, Russia, and on good terms with Great Britain

39. 1883 Austria and Rumania (later Germany added) 1887 Driekaiserbund not renewed because of problems between Austria and Russia 1887 Germany -Russia sign Reinsurance Treaty a) extremely secretive b) in the event of war both would stay neutral except: if Austria is attacked by Russia or France is attacked by Germany c) Germany promised to promote Russian goals in the Balkans

40. Reinsurance Treaty (1887) Russia dissolved Three Emperors’ Treaty because of tensions in the Balkans Signs new treaty with Germany - both stay neutral unless: Germany attacks France or Russia attacks Austria 1890 Bismarck is dismissed France signs a military alliance with Russia – aimed at Britain in the Med.

41. 1896 Kaiser William sent a telegram to Transvaal President Kruger offering support Germany also starts to increase naval power The Fashoda Crisis forced France to reevaluate their foreign policy 1902 Britain signs the Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1904 Anglo-French Entente Britain recognizes French claims to Morocco France recognizes British claims to Egypt 1900 German prestige had deteriorated drastically “Weltmacht” (world power) Germany wanted to be an equal of Britain and France