1. The Interwar Era: Modernity and the Anxieties of Unfinished Business Nationalism and de-colonial arguments America and restitution Colonies and Mandated Territories Revolution in Russia

2. The West and the World Colonies and Mandated Territories Nationalism in 19C:intellectual movements popular anti-colonialism Promise of WWI:human ‘Progress’ possibilities as colonial administrators gone experience of Europe in war used to political/military purpose hopes dashed:Paris Peace Conference in colonies

3. In fact, European empires bigger than ever before Versailles created ‘mandates’ Franceparts of Jordan Kamerun Union of S.Africa German SW Africa BritainMesopotamia Transjordan Palestine, Tanganyka Kamerun Togo BelgiumRwanda, Buganda

4. Integrated Market Failure: world roots of a Great Depression Europeans owe money to US: Austria/Germany France, England World-wide: single-export countries devastated by new reclaimed rubber technologies ground-nut oil crash of luxury commodity crops American agricultural over-production and environment factors loss of investor confidence and market crash – US crash

5. The Eastern Front

6. The Dirty War

7. End of an Era Beginning of the New The Russian Revolution:pressures from within pressures from outside Kalinin, M. The March/November Revolutions:end of Romanov Rule beginning of new struggles Socialism an international force (i.e. not national) to be exported

8. Internally: War Communism, 1918-1922 and after urban/rural divide differing vision of communism and elites before Revolution not elites after rapid collectivization: confiscations New Economic Policy (NEP): partial privatization of the economy Stalin’s Five-Year Plan

10. The Purges massive agricultural reformation: to support modernization resistances mechanics of a purge “confession” the show-trial Punishment Massive demographic shifts: 8 million Soviet citizens in labor camps by 1939

11. Era of Innovation and Loss “The lost generation” (Gertrude Stein) disillusionment after WW I pessimism over idea of human progress Spengler, Decline of the West the west’s moral compass?:democracy Christianity civilization relativism in the physical world retreat from realism in art