1. U N I V E R S I T Y O F W I S C O N S I N O S H K O S H More Than Just Bones: Interpreting Function and Behavior in Fossil Vertebrates Dr. David Dilkes Dept. of Biology & Microbiology Dr. Joseph Peterson Dept. of Geology

2. Walking on Land: What Can We Say About Early Amphibians & Dinosaurs? Joints between bones reveal range and type of movements Soft tissues (e.g. muscles & ligaments) reveal probable movements Growth matters!

3. Temnospondyls: Early Amphibians Diverse in Size and Biology Schoch (2009)

4. Dissorophoidea & Living Amphibians Schoch (2009)

5. Dissorophidae: Armored Terrestrial Amphibians Cacops aspidephorus Dilkes (2009)

6. Cacops: Vertebrae and Osteoderms Dilkes and Brown (2007)

7. Reconstructing Muscles: Inferences on Function and Behavior What Do You Need? A Phylogeny! Dilkes (2000)

8. Reconstructing Muscles: Inferences on Function and Behavior What Else Do You Need? Muscles in Living Relatives Dilkes(2000)

9. Reconstructing Muscles: Put It All Together Dilkes et al. (2012)

10. Were Hadrosaurs (“Duck-Billed”) Dinosaurs Aquatic? The front limbs seemed to say Yes, but trackways say No

11. Function of the Front Limb is Critical Russell (1977) Paul (2010)

12. Hadrosaur Trackways, Peace River Canyon, British Columbia Currie (1983)

13. Morphology & Muscles Reveal Function of Front Limb Maiasaura peeblesorum Dilkes (2001) Fastovsky and Weishampel (2009)

14. Use of Front Limb is Growth Dependent Maiasaura peeblesorum Dilkes (2001)

15. Acknowledgments Funding: Geological Society of America Faculty Development Program, UW Oshkosh Individuals: Dr. John Horner, Museum of the Rockies (Bozeman, MT) Dr. Robert Reisz, University of Toronto at Mississauga (Mississauga, Ontario) Dr. Lauren Brown, Illinois State University (Normal, IL) Dr. David Berman, Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Pittsburgh, PA) Dr. Jason Anderson, University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)