1. 1 The Struggle for Justice at Home Chapter 25 Section 4 Angela Brown

2. 2 Discrimination Continues Jim Crow Laws Continue De facto segregation in the North was still in force. De Juro segregation continues in the south. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/images/3jimc0315b.jpg

3. 3 http://www.nps.gov/malu/graphics/jimcrow1.gif http://pbsvideodb.pbs.org/ resources/eyes/images/ph3.jpg http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp /ppmsc/00200/00218r.jpg

4. 4 Economic Discrimination 1 out of 5 African Americans were jobless in 1941. Government agencies honored employers requests of “whites only”. 2 million migrated North in the 1940s. http://www.asmilan.org/ teachers/kwheatley/ pictures/WHII/slaves /TheJimCrowLaws-Front.jpg

5. 5 Substandard Housing 1941 survey showed 50% African Americans vs. only 14% white houses to be substandard. http://www.vinylbydesign.com/docs/images/VPH_condemn.jpg

6. 6 Riots in Detroit June 1943 – riots in Detriots 34 killed Millions of $$ worth of damage Spurred by fear and resentment. http://www.amren.com/0110issue/C-CARsml.JPG

7. 7 Soldiers and Segregation Troops were segregated. Kansas restaurant served German prisoners of war but would not serve African American GI’s in uniform. http://www.kshs.org/cool2/coolpow.htm

8. 8 “Double V” Campaign 1942 poll should 6 out of 10 white Americans felt African Americans were satisfied with their existing conditions. The Government mirrored this attitude. Pittsburgh Courier (African American Newspaper) launched campaign in 1942. The first v for victory against the Axis powers the second for victory in equality at home. http://www.yurasko.net/vv/index.html

9. 9 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1942 Chicago - believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism. Organized its first sit-ins at Jack Spratt Coffee House – refused to leave until everyone was served Jack Spratt’s discriminatory policies ended. The technique spread to other cities

10. Union Unions did not accept African American members Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters – railway union (most railroad maids and porters were black). 1932 won higher wages and cut working hours and travel requirements. 10

11. 11 A. Phillip Randolph Planned a massive march on Washington for July, 1941 to protest factory discrimination. FDR concerned about the effect on national unity signed Executive Order 8802. Randolph called off the march. http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/images/apr3.jpg

12. 12 Executive Order 8802 Opened Jobs and job training programs to all Americans in defense plants. Set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) – to hear complaints about job discrimination in defense industries and the government. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Village/2734/Roosevelt.JPG

13. 13 A. Philip Randolph After the war, became Vice-President of the AFL and CIO in 1955. Directed the 1963 March on Washington Stood beside Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as he gave his “I have a Dream” speech to 200,000 people. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/mlkihaveadreamgogo.jpeg

14. 14 Adam Clayton Powell, Jr Charismatic minister from Harlem 1944 became one of only two African Americans in Congress. “Powell Amendments” – called for the cut-off of federal funds to any organization that practiced racial discrimination. http://www.harlemheritage.com/3A39172R.JPG

15. 15 Mexican Americans Faced discrimination but gained new job opportunities in the defense industries. Bracero = workers 1942 agreement provided transportation, food, shelter, and medical care for workers. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/latinos/braceros-california-1.jpg

16. 1942 – 1947 200,000 Mexican Farm Workers came to work in Bracero Program. Lived in Spanish- speaking neighborhoods called braceros. 1940s Mexican Americans wore long draped jackets and baggy pants with tight cuffs - and a slicked back “ducktail” haircut. 16

17. 17 Zoot Suit Riots Look offended people. Sailors on leave hunted and beat them for un-American look. June 1943 street fighting turned into riots. http://media.mnginteractive.com/media/paper36/BZ06SUAVECITO.jpg http://www.fiftiesweb.com/fashion/ducktail.htm

18. 18 Papers blamed the Mexicans. Police arrested the Mexicans. Army and Navy restricted soldiers off- duty access to Los Angeles. http://www.suavecito.com/images/Staff/JayCraigA.jpg

19. 19 Native Americans Many joined the armed forces or moved to cities and joined the defense industry. They had to adapt quickly to white culture. Most did not return to reservations after the war. The Cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots. http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/nativeamerican01/images/gorman.jpg

20. 20 Japanese Americans 127,000 Japanese lived in the U.S. in 1941. Most lived on the West Coast. 2/3 were Nisei (people born in the U.S. of parents who had emigrated from Japan) Prejudice was strong. http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/nisei/index8_pacific.html

21. 21 Hostility grew into hatred and hysteria. Rumors of sabotage and the press left Americans feeling that Japanese spies were everywhere. http://www.klast.net/bond/covers/spies_owen.jpg

22. 22 Japanese Relocation Feb. 19, 1942 FDR signed executive order 9066. It authorized the Sec. of War to establish military zones on the west coast and remove “any or all persons” from such zones. http://education.nebrwesleyan.edu/eisenhower/partsites/northeastpage/safarik/ internmentpage.html

23. 23 Foreign born Italians and Germans were forced to move away from the coast but those orders were soon changed. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/gallery.html

24. 24 The War Relocation Authority Purpose to set up and move out everyone of Japanese Ancestry. 110,000 citizens and non-citizens were placed in Internment camps. http://education.nebrwesleyan.edu/eisenhower/partsites/northeastpage/ safarik/internmentpage.html

25. 25 Many Japanese lost businesses, farms, homes, and other property – most lost everything. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/gallery.html

26. 26 Manzanar Wooden barracks One room per family Barbed Wire Armed guards http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/manzanar2/20-2345a.gif

27. 27 Japanese Americans provided most of California’s produce. Their internment (farmers and grocer’s) threw parts of California’s agriculture sector into chaos. Lost their primary supply of fruits and vegetables. http://www.varley.net/Pages/images/Valley%20of%20 Death/Manzanar%20sign,%20March%2010,%202005%20.jpg

28. 28 Legal Challenges Four cases eventually reached the Supreme Court challenging the Internment policy. The Supreme Court ruled wartime relocation was unconstitutional. Korematsu v U.S. (1944) majority opinion said “military urgency of the situation demanded all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated temporarily”. The dissenting opinion stated internment was an “an obvious racial discrimination.” http://www.goforbroke.org/history/images/timeline44_2.gif

29. 29 In 1945 Internees were allowed to leave the camp. Some returned home. Most others had lost everything. Americans came to believe internment was an injustice. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/fsa/8a31000/8a31100/8a31154r.jpg

30. 30 In 1988 Congress awarded each surviving Japanese American Internee a tax-free payment of $20,000 and officially apologized. http://www.k12.hi.us/~gt/cyberfair2/reunions/all.jpg

31. 31 Nisei Soldiers 20,000 served in the armed forces. 1200 volunteered from relocation centers. The 442 nd regimental combat team fought in France and Germany. They won more medals for bravery than any other unit in U.S. History. http://wwwstatic.1b1b.com/gems/american/militaryservice.png