1. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D An X-band Linac for the MaRIE Project at LANL Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy XB-10 MaRIE (Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes) Richard Sheffield, Joseph Bradley III, Dinh Nguyen, Mark Gulley Los Alamos National Laboratory LA-UR 10-07872

2. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 2

3. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band Linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 3

4. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Materials Behavior Limits The Performance Of Advanced Energy Systems Life extension, safety of existing reactor fleet Improved affordability for new reactors Sustainable fuel cycles Fusion Reactor first wall materials Slide 4

5. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Microstructure-Based Heterogeneity Evolution Leading to Material Phase Transformation and Damage / Failure Events The objective of this MaRIE experiment is to probe the physics of dynamic solid- solid phase transformation and damage at the length scales approaching those at which they nucleate in order to gain a detailed understanding of this process and the influence real material microstructure has on these events. Slide 5 Team includes: Curt Bronkhorst, Carl Greeff, George Gray III, Irene Beyerlein, Avadh Saxena, Paulo Rigg, Jon Boettger, John Barber, Mark Schraad, Ed Kober, LANL ; Neil Bourne, UK AWE; Brent Adams, Brigham Young University; Guruswami Ravichandran, CalTech; Somnath Ghosh, Ohio State University

6. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band Linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 6

7. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 7 The X-band Linac Supports All Three MaRIE User Facilites (MPDH: Multi-Probe Diagnostic Hall) First x-ray scattering capability at high energy and high repetition frequency with simultaneous charged particle dynamic imaging (F 3 : Fission and Fusion Materials Facility) In-situ diagnostics and irradiation environments beyond best planned facilities (M4: Making, Measuring & Modeling Materials Facility) Integrated resource for materials synthesis and control, with national security infrastructure Unique very hard x-ray XFEL Unique simultaneous photon-proton imaging measurements Unique spallation neutron-based irradiation capability Unique in-situ, transient radiation damage measurements Unique materials design and discovery capability MPDH F3F3 M4

8. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Meanwhile, proton microscopy can provide absolute density & velocities through the sample volume A high-energy-photon (50-100 keV) XFEL allows multigranular sample penetration and multipulse dynamics without significant sample perturbation Through the Multi-Probe Diagnostic Hall, MaRIE provides unique scattering and imaging capabilities to bridge the micron gap in extreme environments Slide 8

9. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D S. Zinkle PERSISTENT Through the Fission Fusion Materials Facility, MaRIE Creates Extreme Radiation Fluxes And Advances The Frontiers Of Radiation Damage Science Through In Situ Measurements TRANSIENT ITER first wall fusion reactor IFMIF HFTM MTS target assembly Orange: materials modules Green: fuel modules The same x-rays (protons) enable in-situ (near in-situ) measurements… …in relevant environments Slide 9

10. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D User Gateway Co-design Center Visualization Capability M4 XFEL end station Other Extremes (E,H, pH) In situ synthesis probes Through the M4 Facility, MaRIE Provides The Directed Synthesis Of Materials Essential For Defect/Interface Control And Materials Discovery Multi-scale Synthesis & Crystal Growth Characterization National Security Infrastructure Making Modeling Measuring Slide 10

11. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band Linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 11

12. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Science-driven Requirements Lead to Integrated Facility Needs Fulfilled by MaRIE Dynamic Extremes Microstructure Evolution Stochastic Explosive Microstructure & Detonation Fluid/Mineral Interactions in 3-D Measurements of Turbulent Radiation Extremes Irradiation Stability of Structural Nanocomposites Fission Gas Bubble & Swelling in UO 2 Nuclear Fuel Mechanical Testing of Structural Materials in Fusion/Fission Environ. Measurements of Temperature, Microstructure & Thermal Transport Rad Damage in Passive Oxide Films & its Influence on Corrosion Control of Complex Materials & Processes Understanding Emergent Phenomena in Complex Materials Developing Practical Superconductors by Design Energy Conversion & Storage Achieving Practical High-Density Energy Storage Through New Support/Catalyst Electrode Systems Solar Energy Conversion w/ Fun- ctionally Integrated Nanostructures Process-Aware Materials Performance Nanostructured Ferritic Alloys Exploring Separate Effects in Pu Environments Dynamic pressure <200 GPa Strain rate = 10 1 –10 7 s -1 Temperature = 77–2000 K High Explosives < 30 g Pu isotope samples < 3 mm thick Irradiation rate < 35 dpa/fpy He(appm)/dpa ratios: 0.1-1, 9-13 Irrad Volume: 0.5 l @ >14 dpa/yr Measurements Scattering Defects: 1 nm res over 10 µm Stress: 1-2 µm res over 100 mm Lattice Strain: 10 nm res in 3D Density Imaging 0.1-1 nm, <1-ps res over 10  m 10 nm, <1-ps over 50  m 0.1-1 µm, < 0.3 ns over 0.1-1 mm Spectroscopic 3D chemistry mapping w/ 1  m res Themo-Physical Measurements Temperature: 1  m res Thermal Conductivity w/ 1 mW/m-K res Synthesis with Characterization Organic, inorganic, biomaterials incl nanomaterials, HE & actinides Thin films with buried interface characterization 50 keV coherent x-ray source with 10 11 photons per macropulse focused to 1-200  m Dynamic charged particle imaging with 20-GeV electrons Tunable ultrashort x-ray source for excitation: 5-35 keV, 100 fs, focused to 10 nm Ultra short pulse lasers for spectroscopy: THz (2 meV) to VUV (6 eV) MW fast neutron source with 2x10 15 n/cm2-s and >4000 h/yr operation with < 10 beam trips per day over 1 min Crystal growth with control of impurities & defects during and after fab Deposition Lab w/CVD, PVD, evaporation, ion beams Characterization Lab w/ SEM, FE-SEM, AFM, SALVE, ion beams Data Visualization Lab w/ 1MB- 10TB available per expt. MaRIE builds upon existing $B investments at LANSCE with the addition of the: Electron Linac with XFEL Systems Multiprobe Diagnostic Hall Fission-Fusion Materials Facility Making, Measuring, & Modeling Material Facility User Driven Science Performance Gaps Functional Requirements Facility Concept Preferred Alternative & Roadmap Materiel Needs Alternatives Analyses

13. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 13 The Basis For Linac Engineering Design Follows From The XFEL Beam User Requirements Wavelength: 50 KeV to penetrate useful thickness of high-density, high-Z material, Pulse duration and multiple pulses: less than 0.1 ns pulse durations are required to reduce motion blur and to track shock waves requires taking 100’s of images within 1 to 2 microseconds, Repetition rate: stress tests require pulses up to ~ 60 Hz, Peak X-ray intensity: a single snap-shot requires 10 10 to 10 11 photons per pulse. To have sufficient XFEL gain to generate this number of photons requires a electron beam with a normalized emittance of 0.3 mm-mrad, rms energy spread of 10-4, and charge of 0.1 nC. Beam divergence: the use of explosives and ancillary hardware for MPDH and shielding in F^3 requires several meters stand-off for the nearest magnetic or optical component; also some diagnostic techniques require low divergence (<10 mrad) to get high resolution,

14. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 14 The Basis For Linac Engineering Design Follows From The XFEL Beam User Requirements Coherence: transverse coherence is required for diffractive measurements and phase contrast imaging. A full 3-D image reconstruction requires both transverse and longitudinal coherence, Pulse charge: > 6x10 9 electrons (1 nC) per bunch for radiography and 0.1 nC for the XFEL, Since an XFEL is very sensitive to the electron beam quality and beam quality is negatively impacted by bends, an accelerator design that fits on the mesa with limited bend angles requires going to high cavity gradients.

15. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band Linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 15

16. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D LCLS Successfully Demonstrated an 8 KeV XFEL and Has Begun User Operations  x,y = 0.4  m (slice) I pk = 3.0 kA  E /E = 0.01% (slice) Slide 16

17. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D UNITLCLSMARIE WavelengthÅ1.50.248 Beam energyGeV14.3520.017 Bunch chargepC250100 Pulse length (FWHM)fs29030 Peak currentkA3.4 Normalized slice rms emittance mm-mrad0.3-0.40.3 Energy spread%0.010.015 Undulator periodcm32.4 Peak magnetic fieldT1.250.93 Undulator parameter, K rms 2.481.47 Gain length, 1D (3D)m4.6 (7.2)5.7 (6.4) Saturation lengthm5585 Peak power at fundamentalGW830 Pulse energymJ2.30.7 # of photons at fundamental1.8 x 10 12 5 x 10 10 The MaRIE XFEL Baseline is a Reasonable Extrapolation of Demonstrated LCLS Electron Beam Performance Critical parameters in red Slide 17

18. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band Linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 18

19. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D The Proposed Baseline MaRIE XFEL Was Reviewed By LCLS Staff and Found to be Reasonable Extensions of Demonstrated Performance LinacBaselineAdvanced Energy20 GeV Linac frequency11426 MHz Linac typeRT Cu Cavity gradient50 MV/m70 MV/m Maximum beamline  4 degrees0.2 degrees Bunch compressor 16 m Bunch compressor 222 m200 m RF pulse duration 1.5  s RF pulse rise time 0.1  s RF peak power50 MW70 MW RF Repetition rate60 Hz120 Hz # RF tubes268273 Electron beam CW power at above rep rate 12 kW24 kW RF wall plug CW electrical power 3.6 MW10 MW Wall plug power for accelerator systems 4.6 MW11 MW Accelerator active length400 m286 m Accelerator length from injector to linac end 482 m546 m Beam duty factor0.0085%0.017% Electron beam Baseline FEL / eRad Advanced FEL / eRad Electron sourcephotoinjector bunch length30 fs / <10 ps75 fs / <10 ps Normalized Emittance 0.3 microns /1000 micron 0.15 microns /1000 micron bunch charge0.1 nC / 1 nC0.25 nC / 3 nC # of bunches per macropulse 100/201000/100 Energy spread0.015% / 2%0.01% /2% Pulse-to pulse  E 1% / 2%0.01% / 2% Min bunch sep.1.4 ns /1.4 ns100 ps / 1.4ns Dropped bunch rate1e-31e-5  The engineering issues in green are reasonable based on existing research.  The engineering issues in yellow can be resolved with more development.  The red are beyond state-of-art and will be challenging to reach.  White cells are calculated or defined PhotonsBaselineAdvanced Energy50 KeV # per bunch5e101e12 % Transverse coherence 70%90% Longitudinal coherence noyes Pulse length<100 fs10 fs Bandwidth1e-31e-4 Divergence<1  rad Slide 19

20. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Performance Requirements For The Three Modes Of Operation XFELIncoherent Light Source Electron Radiography e beam Energy20 GeV< 20 GeV2 GeV Charge per micropulse0.1 - 0.25 nC1-5 nC1- 3 nC Micropulse Length30 fs<3 ps<10 ps Micropulse Spacing 1.5 - 1500 ns Micropulses per Macropulse 100 - 1000 20 Macropulse Length1.4 µs Normalized Emittance≤ 0.3 mm-mrad≤10 mm-mrad≤ 10 cm-mrad Energy Spread0.015%1%2% Rep Rate10 -120 Hz Requirement Operating Mode Slide 20

21. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band Linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 21

22. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Accelerating Structures The preconceptual design assumes the use of standing wave, pi- mode accelerating structures similar to those tested at LNF and SLAC.[1][2] X-band structures of this type (SW20PI) have been tested to operate reliably at a loaded gradient of >55MV/m.[2] We have chosen a conservative operating point of 50 MV/m for the preconceptual design. Charge per micropulse is ≤ 5% of the design for the NLC and the spacing between micropulses is > 1.4 ns to minimize wakefield effects. We assume a 0.75 fraction of active length to total length. [1] D. Alesini, et al, “R&D on X-Band Accelerating Structures at the INFN-LNF”, SPARC-RF-06/002 Tech note, February 2006. [2] V.A. Dolgashev, et al, “Status of X-band Standing Wave Structure Studies at SLAC”, PAC’03, Portland, May 2003. Slide 22

23. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D RF System Design The initial design makes extensive use of the X-band developments and prototypes done for the NLC. The RF system will drive the SW X-band structures using ≈330 50 MW klystrons operating with an RF pulsewidth of 1.5 µs. The RF transport system will be low-loss waveguide runs like the ones developed at SLAC, but without pulse compression. Sets of two klystrons will be driven by a single modulator /transmitter system. Low Level RF controls will be based on the NLC designs developed and tested at SLAC. Slide 23

24. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Beamline, Klystron and RF distribution The distance from the accelerating structures and the klystron outputs will be 6 m vertical and 8 m horizontal. Transitions from rectangular to circular waveguide will be used to further minimize waveguide loss. Klystron Gallery Beam Tunnel Klystron Gallery Slide 24

25. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Overview Purpose of MaRIE Project Goals Project Facilities MaRIE X-band Linac Requirements Design Basis Review of Major Design Parameters Linac and RF system design Conclusions Slide 25

26. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Conclusions The MaRIE project at LANSCE is needed to perform the materials science experiments that will open the “micron frontier”. We have a pre-conceptual design for the MaRIE linac, but we want to work with the X-band community to explore improvements to the linac and RF systems’ predicted performance. We are open to more collaborators. Slide 26

27. Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA U N C L A S S I F I E D Thanks We would like to thank Chris Adolphsen, Sam Chu and the rest of the RF team at SLAC for their invaluable assistance with the RF considerations for this project. We also thank Paul Emma and the FEL designers at SLAC for their assistance. Slide 27