1. Medical Terminology A Word-Building Approach Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice CHAPTER Seventh Edition Blood and Lymphatic System 10

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Learning Outcomes State the description and primary functions of the organs/structures of the blood and lymphatic system. Name the four blood types and their significance in blood typing and blood transfusion.

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Learning Outcomes Describe and give the function(s) of the accessory organs of the lymphatic system. Describe the immune system. Explain the immune system’s response to foreign substances and the means by which it protects the body.

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Learning Outcomes Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. Describe diagnostic and laboratory tests related to blood and the lymphatic system. Identify and define selected abbreviations.

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Multimedia Directory Slide 34Lymphatic System Animation Slide 52Stress and Immune System Animation Slide 56AIDS Video Slide 60Allergic Rhinitis Video Slide 63Anaphylaxis Animation Slide 64EpiPen Animation 1 Slide 65EpiPen Animation 2 Slide 70Sickle Cell Animation Slide 71Sickle Cell Anemia Video Slide 75Blood Test Basics Video Slide 89Leukemia Video

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Anatomy and Physiology Overview Blood and lymph are two of the body's main fluids and are circulated through two separate but interconnected vessel systems. Blood is circulated by the action of the heart, through the circulatory system consisting largely of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Anatomy and Physiology Overview Lymph does not actually circulate. Lymph is propelled in one direction, away from its source, through larger lymph vessels, to drain into large veins of the circulatory system located in the upper chest.

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Insert table 10.1

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Insert table 10.1

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Fluid consisting of formed elements and plasma. Transports respiratory gases, chemical substances, and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances. Blood volume depends on body weight. An individual weighing 154 lb (70 kg) has a blood volume of about 5 qt or 5 L.

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Formed Elements (45% of total volume of blood) –Erythrocytes (red blood cells) –Thrombocytes (platelets) –Leukocytes (white blood cells) Plasma and formed elements constitute whole blood.

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Insert table 10.2

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Insert table 10.2

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.1 Blood and its components.

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Life Span Considerations In the embryo –2 weeks: Plasma and blood cells are formed. –5 weeks: Blood formation occurs in the liver, and later in the spleen, thymus, lymphatic system, and bone marrow. –12 weeks: The fetal liver is the chief producer of red blood cells, and the gallbladder secretes bile.

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Life Span Considerations In the embryo –16 weeks: Blood vessels are visible through the now-transparent skin. Fetal circulation provides oxygenation and nutrition and disposes of carbon dioxide and other waste products.

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Formed Elements –Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC)  Flexible biconcave disks that lack nuclei.  Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. –Approximately 5 million erythrocytes per cubic mm of blood, with a life span of 80 to 120 days. –Formed in red bone marrow.

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.2 Formed elements of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), and thrombocytes (platelets).

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Formed Elements –Thrombocytes  Commonly called platelets.  These disk-shaped cells are about half the size of erythrocytes.  Play an important role in the clotting process.  Approximately 200,000 to 500,000 thrombocytes per cubic mm of blood.  Thrombocytes are fragments of certain giant cells called megakaryocytes, which are formed in the red bone marrow.

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.3 The clotting process (coagulation).

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Formed Elements –Leukocytes  Sphere-shaped cells containing nuclei of varying shapes and sizes.  Body’s main defense against the invasion of pathogens.  Approximately 8,000 leukocytes per cubic mm of blood.

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Five types of leukocytes –Neutrophils –Eosinophils –Basophils –Lymphocytes (lymphs) –Monocytes Lymphocytes: responsible for specific defenses against invading pathogens or foreign proteins.

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Blood Groups –ABO system: used in blood typing and blood transfusion. –Four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. –Differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens, located on the surface of red blood cells, and antibodies, located in the blood plasma.

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Type AB blood: universal donor of plasma and universal recipient of cells. Type O: universal donor of cells only.

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Insert table 10-3

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.4 Blood-typing and cross-reactions: The blood type depends on the presence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) on RBC surfaces. (A) The plasma antibodies (agglutinins) that will react with foreign surface antigens.

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.4 (continued) Blood-typing and cross-reactions: The blood type depends on the presence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) on RBC surfaces. (B) In a cross-reaction, antibodies that encounter their target antigens lead to agglutination and hemolysis of the affected RBCs.

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Rh Factor –Presence of a substance called agglutinogen in the red blood cells. –85% of the population: Rh positive. –15% of the population: Rh negative.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Rh Factor –For a transfusion to be successful, ABO and Rh blood groups of the donor and recipient must be compatible. –If blood groups are not compatible, donated blood’s RBCs can agglutinate and:  cause clogging of blood vessels  slow and/or stop circulation of blood to various parts of the body  can hemolyze (dissolve or be destroyed), and their contents leak out in the body

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Plasma –The fluid part of the blood. –Clear and somewhat straw-colored. –55% of total volume of blood; 91% water, 9% chemical compounds. –Provides nutritive substances and removes waste products of metabolism.

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane RiceBlood Plasma –Four major plasma proteins  albumin  globulin  fibrinogen  prothrombin

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Lymphatic System A vessel system apart from, but connected to, the circulatory system. Returns fluids from tissue spaces to bloodstream. Composed of lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, and lymph nodes.

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Lymphatic System Lymph is a clear, colorless, alkaline fluid, about 95% water. Lymph contains proteins, salts, organic substances, and water.

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Lymphatic System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of the lymphatic system. Back to Directory

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.5 Lymphatic system.

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.6 Lymphatic vessels.

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Accessory Organs The spleen, tonsils, and thymus are not actually part of the lymphatic system; they are closely related to it in their functions.

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.7 Tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic vessels with an expanded view of a lymph node.

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Accessory Organs Spleen –A soft, dark-red oval body lying in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. –Major site of destruction for erythrocytes over 80–120 days old. –Serves as a reservoir for blood. –Plays an essential role in the immune response and acts as a filter, removing microorganisms from blood.

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Accessory Organs Tonsils –Lymphoid masses located in depressions of the mucous membranes of the face and pharynx that filter bacteria and aid in the formation of white blood cells. Consist of –Palatine tonsil –Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) –Lingual tonsil

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.8 Tonsils—normal and enlarged.

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Accessory Organs Thymus –Located in the mediastinal cavity. –Plays an essential role in the formation of antibodies and the development of the immune response in the newborn. –Manufactures infection-fighting T cells, which are important in the body’s immune response, and helps distinguish normal T cells from those that attack the body’s own tissue.

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Life Span Considerations The thymus gland plays an important role in the development of the immune response in the newborn. At birth, average weight of thymus: 10 – 15 g. At puberty, thymus weighs 40 g and begins to undergo involution, which replaces the thymus with adipose and connective tissue.

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Immune System The average, healthy human body is equipped with natural defenses that assist in fighting off disease and cancer. These natural defenses are: –Intact skin –Cleansing action of the body’s secretions –White blood cells –Body chemicals –Antibodies

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Immune System Immune Response –The reaction of the body to foreign substances and the means by which it protects the body. –Humoral (pertaining to body fluids) immunity or antibody-mediated immunity  Involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B cells) in response to antigen exposure with subsequent formation of antibodies.  Humoral immunity is a major defense against bacterial infections.

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Immune System Humoral or Antibody-Mediated Immunity –Antigen: Any substance to which the immune system can respond, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. Antibodies –Also referred to as immunoglobulins. –Complex glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to an antigen.

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Immune System Antibodies neutralize or destroy antigens by: –activating the complement system. –neutralizing toxins released by bacteria. –opsonizing (coating) the antigen. –forming a complex to stimulate phagocytosis. –promoting antigen clumping. –preventing the antigen from adhering to host cells.

48. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Insert table 10-4

49. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Immune System Cellular or Cell-Mediated Immunity –Involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells) and natural killer (NK) cells that attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells.

50. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Immune System Cellular or Cell-Mediated Immunity –Four phases are associated with the body’s immune response to a foreign substance:  Recognizes foreign substance or invader (enemy).  Activates body’s defenses by producing more WBCs.  Produces antibodies, which use phagocytosis to kill or remove the foreign invader.  Slowdown phase: number of defenders returns to normal.

51. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Insert table 10-5

52. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Stress and Immune System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of how stress affects the immune system. Back to Directory

53. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Life Span Considerations Immune response declines with age, limiting body's ability to identify and fight foreign substances. Loss of thymus cortex leads to reduced production of T lymphocytes, including T cells, NK cells, B lymphocytes. Frequency and severity of infections generally increase in elderly persons.

54. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Audio Pronunciations Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Agglutination Albumin Allergy

55. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Figure 10.9 Human immunodeficiency virus gains entry into helper T cells, uses the cell DNA to replicate, interferes with normal function of the T cells, and destroys the normal cells.

56. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice AIDS Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of AIDS. Back to Directory

57. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Life Span Considerations 1 in 10 persons with AIDS: age 50 or older. 4% of all AIDS cases: age 65 or older.

58. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Life Span Considerations AIDS’ main form of treatment: antiviral therapy that suppresses replication of HIV virus. –Treatment has been highly effective in reducing number of HIV particles in bloodstream. –Treatment can help immune system recover and improve T cell count.