1. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, IncSlides created by Bob Koziel

2. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 2 Tips for using the slide show Use MS Power Point XP to view the presentation. Earlier versions will not show the animations correctly. Slides with : Click the slide to view all of its sections and animations. Some slides need to be clicked several times. will appear once the last object on the slide has appeared. Click to go to the next slide. represents an Internet link that will take you to the Web site when you click on it. Internet connection required. Clicking on the or icon will take you to the previous or the next slide. Slides with videos or sounds: Click on the picture to view videos or listen to sounds. NEXT SLIDE I NEXT SLIDE

3. NEXT SLIDE Spotlight 6: Artificial Intelligence and Other Emerging Technologies Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 3

4. 4 The Typical Personal Computer: 1999 and 2005 Short Term Prediction Component19992005 RAM64 MB1 GB Processor Speed ( instructions per second) 400 million7 billion Circuit Density ( number of transistors) 7.5 million125 million Hard Disk Capacity8 GB135 GB Average Internet Connection Speed 56,000 bps1 million bps Tomorrow’s Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Connected Moore’s Law Microprocessors and miniature circuitry will double in circuit density every 18 to 24 months. Metcalfe’s Law The value of a computer network grows in proportion to the square of the number of people connected to it. NEXT SLIDE

5. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 5 Long Term Prediction NEXT SLIDE  By 2020 all the components of a computer will be on one tiny silicon chip.  Ubiquitous computing– Computers and computer-based intelligence will be everywhere.  Appliances will warn us when they need service and call the service technician.  Virtual grocery stores will deliver our food.  Computerized eyeglasses will adjust to light variations.

6. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 6 The Limits of Trend Extrapolation  Physical barriers may limit how small and fast electronic components may become.  Impact of artificial intelligence may be greater than trend predictions. NEXT SLIDE

7.  Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligence.  It has only been partially successful due to obstacles encountered.  Programs cannot function intelligently outside the context for which they were designed. Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine? NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 7

8. 8 Defining Intelligence  No clear consensus on what intelligence really is.  Intelligence involves some or all of the following abilities: Learning and retaining the learned knowledge Learning and retaining the learned knowledge Reasoning on the basis of this knowledge Reasoning on the basis of this knowledge Adapting to new circumstances Adapting to new circumstances Planning (develop strategies) Planning (develop strategies) Communicating Communicating Recognizing patterns Recognizing patterns  Compared to the human brain, computers accept smaller amounts of input and have poor pattern recognition skills, but calculate and output faster than humans. NEXT SLIDE

9. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 9 The Turing Test  British computer scientist Alan Turing propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a group of unbiased judges cannot tell the difference between computer-generated and human output.  Many believe the test is too simplistic.  Programmers have created programs to trick the judges. NEXT SLIDE

10. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 10 Brute Force  Brute force uses the computer’s calculating capabilities to simulate human intelligence.  Computers calculate all possible options and choose the best one.  It is used in chess playing programs.  IBM’s Deep Blue program defeated Russian chess master Garry Kasparov. NEXT SLIDE

11. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 11 Artificial Intelligence Achievements  PEGASUS, a spoken language interface, enables people to obtain flight information and book reservations through a telephone conversation with the computer.  A video monitoring computer drove a car from Washington, D.C., to San Diego, CA. NEXT SLIDE

12. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 12 Natural Language  Natural language is the speech people use everyday.  Computers are not good at understanding and acting on what they hear.  Natural language interfaces are basically word matching programs.  Computers encounter problems with ambiguity in human language.  Speech recognition programs translate speech into text. NEXT SLIDE

13. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 13 Machine Translation  Machine translation is using computers to translate foreign text automatically.  Resolving ambiguities is problematic.  One program can translate 300,000 words per hour but results contain many errors. NEXT SLIDE

14. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 14 Expert Systems  Expert systems formulate the knowledge of human experts according to if-then rules.  Eliciting the rules from human experts is called knowledge representation.  Knowledge base is a database of represented knowledge.  The program checks its knowledge base and comes to a conclusion based on the information supplied.  It is used in grammar checking and e-mail antispam programs. NEXT SLIDE

15. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 15 Intelligent Agents  Agents are automatic programs that help the user.  They communicate with the user, understand their needs, and offer assistance.  Microsoft’s Office Assistant is an example. NEXT SLIDE

16. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 16 Pattern Recognition  Using a digital camera, pattern recognition software processes what is being seen and then draws connections between the patterns perceived and patterns stored in a database.  It is used to recognize suspicious movement in buildings. NEXT SLIDE

17. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 17 Fuzzy Logic  Fuzzy logic makes it possible to express a proposition with varying degrees of confidence about its truthfulness.  It helps make artificial intelligence software work better by automating forms of reasoning that people use.  Video cameras that adjust to jiggling would be an example of fuzzy logic. NEXT SLIDE

18. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 18 Robots  A robot is a computer-based device programmed to perform motions that can accomplish useful tasks.  Industrial robots are performing tasks such as assembly, welding, material handling, and material transport. NEXT SLIDE

19. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 19 Strong Artificial Intelligence CYC  Computer scientist Douglas B. Lenat is programming a computer with basic facts about the world.  The goal is to create a computer that knows as much as a 12 year old.  The project is known as CYC. COG  MIT professor Rodney A. Brooks believes intelligence is a set of behaviors acquired as organisms interact with their environment.  He created insect-like robots that crawled across fields.  COG is a humanoid robot. NEXT SLIDE  Intelligent computers need to have the everyday knowledge that people have.

20. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 20 Neural Networks  Neural networks are computers that mimic the human brain.  The networks are composed of thousands of processors that are interconnected like neurons in the brain.  Neural nets aren’t programmed, they are trained.  They learn by trial and error.  They are good at recognizing patterns, dealing with complexity, and learning from experience.  Neural nets are comparing signatures, monitoring aircraft engines, and predicting stock market trends. NEXT SLIDE

21. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 21 Genetic Algorithms  Genetic algorithms involve creating artificial intelligence by creating laboratory conditions in which the most intelligent programs survive.  It is based on the evolutionary theories of biology that organisms try to survive.  Algorithms are placed in a computer environment and are allowed to mutate; one algorithm emerges as the best at tackling the problem. NEXT SLIDE

22. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc 22 The End