1. RESEARCHED AND COMPILED BY LOCHAN SURANA XI-A

2. Acknowledgement
THIS PROJECT IS AN OUTCOME OF IDEAS,COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS FROM MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS.
SPECIAL THANKS ARE DUE TO MS .SHILPA VERMA FOR GOING THROUGH THE PROJECT AND SUGGESTING RELEVANT CHANGES.
I AM INDEED TO MY COMPUTER TEACHER MS .YOJANA FOR ALWAYS ENCOURAGING AND SUPPORTING ME.
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST TO THE ALL MIGHTY FOR THE NECESSARY INTERVENTION GIVEN WHENEVER REQUIRED.

3. INDEX Acknowledgement Problems associated with e-waste Global issues
E waste and non profits
What happens to e waste
E waste in USA
Problems of e waste disposal in USA
Recycling of e waste in USA
E-waste in India
Handling of e waste in India
Recycling of e waste in India
India to have new e waste recycling plants
Process of recycling
Awareness regarding e waste management

5. INTRODUCTION
Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) describes loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, or broken electrical or electronic devices. Environmental groups claim that the informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and pollution problems. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium and mercury.. Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution, but that environmental dangers of unused electronics have been exaggerated by groups which benefit from increased regulation.

6. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH E-WASTE
Rapid change in technology, low initial cost, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied. An estimated 50 million tonnes of E-waste is produced each year. Surplus electronics have extremely high cost differentials. A single repairable laptop can be worth hundreds of dollars, while an imploded cathode ray tube (CRT) is extremely difficult and expensive to recycle. This has created a difficult free-market economy. Large quantities of used electronics are typically sold to countries with very high repair capability and high raw material demand, which can result in high accumulations of residue in poor areas without strong environmental laws.

7. GLOBAL ISSUES
Increased regulation of electronic waste and concern over the environmental harm which can result from toxic electronic waste has raised disposal costs. The regulation creates an economic disincentive to remove residues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics maintain that it is too easy for brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countries, such as China, India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode ray tubes. Opponents of surplus electronics exports argue that lower environmental and labor standards, cheap labor, and the relatively high value of recovered raw materials leads to a transfer of pollution-generating activities, such as burning of copper wire. In China, Malaysia, India, Kenya, and various African countries, electronic waste is being sent to these countries for processing, sometimes illegally.

8. Reasons…..
Much of the reason people do not care about this problem is that they do not understand the damage they are causing by committing to a disposable lifestyle. When you throw away any type of electronics equipment, anywhere from a CD to a printer, cellphones to fax machines, desktops and laptops and even some toasters, vacuum cleaners and refrigerators, it ends up in the same sanitary landfills as the garbage you put out on the curb at night. And, while e-waste occupies only 2% of the space in these landfills, it comprises over 70% of our nation's toxic waste.

9. E-WASTE AND NON PROFITS
Non-profits receive millions of pounds of electronics through their donation stream. In Richmond, Virginia alone more than 350,000 pounds of e-waste is donated. Ten to thirty percent of electronic donations are e-waste, and safely disposing of these products directly impacts job-training and career services in many communities. In Seattle, Washington, a national non-profit stopped accepting computer donations in 2001, but has since spent more than $72,000 to recycle them. The e-waste disposal fee could have provided 42 hours of intensive job-training and placement services for 200 students. National "Take Back" programs developed by many computer manufacturers were either discontinued or never launched.

12. E-WASTE IN USA….
In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics, while electronic waste represents only 2% of America's trash in landfills. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that unwanted electronics totaled 2 million tons in 2005, and 3 million tons in They also estimate that e-waste is growing at two to three times the rate of any other waste source. Discarded electronics represented 5 to 6 times as much weight as recycled electronics.The Consumer Electronics Association says that U.S. households spend an average of $1,400 annually on an average of 24 electronic items, leading to speculations of millions of tons of valuable metals sitting in desk drawers. The U.S. National Safety Council estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are now gathering dust as surplus electronics.While some recycle, 7% of cellphone owners still throw away their old cellphones

13. PROBLEMS OF E-WASTE DISPOSAL IN USA
Here’s the problem: with a population puts the United States near the one-third earmark for the world’s largest nations, the United States is by far one of the largest producers of e-waste. To make matters worse, the country lacks a comprehensive plan of action on e-waste disposal. According to the EPA, 4.6 million tons of e-waste are dumped into US landfills each year. The federal government leaves it up to the states and only 19 states currently have regulatory systems in place, with 14 others are working on a plan.

14. RECYCLING OF E-WASTE IN USA
A good way to increase a product's lifespan. Many old products are exported to developing countries. Although the benefits of reusing electronics in this way are clear, the practice is causing serious problems because the old products are dumped after a short period of use in areas that are unlikely to have hazardous waste facilities. Although recycling can be a good way to reuse the raw materials in a product, the hazardous chemicals in e-waste mean that electronics can harm workers in the recycling yards, as well as their neighbouring communities and environment. In developed countries, electronics recycling takes place in purpose-built recycling plants under controlled conditions. In many EU states for example, plastics from e-waste are not recycled to avoid brominated furans and dioxins being released into the atmosphere. In developing countries however, there are no such controls. Recycling is done by hand in scrap yards, often by children.

15. RECYCLING OF E- WASTE

17. E-WASTE IN INDIA
In India, e-waste is mostly generated in large cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore . At present, India has about 25 million computers which are expected to grow to 65 million by 2010 An estimated 2 million computers will become obsolete this year Around 15 million mobile handsets were replaced for new ones It is estimated that e-waste generated in India will touch Five lakh metric tons by If disposed improperly, all these equipments pose a serious threat to Human health and environment e waste of developed countries, such as the US, dispose their wastes to India and other Asian countries. A recent investigation revealed that much of the electronics turned over for recycling in the United States ends up in Asia, where they are either disposed of or recycled with little or no regard for environmental or worker health and safety. Major reasons for exports are cheap labour and lack of environmental and occupational standards in Asia and in this way the toxic effluent of the developed nations 'would flood towards the world's poorest nations. The magnitude of these problems is yet to be documented. However, groups like Toxic Links India are already working on collating data that could be a step towards controlling this hazardous trade.
It is imperative that developing countries and India in particular wake up to the monopoly of the developed countries and set up appropriate management measures to prevent the hazards and mishaps due to mismanagement of e-wastes.

18. HANDLING OF E-WASTE IN INDIA
In these cities a complex e-waste handling infra-structure has developed mainly based on a long tradition of waste recycling. This is mainly operated by a very entrepreneurial informal sector. Rag pickers and waste dealers found it easy to adapt to the new waste stream, resulting in a large number of new businesses focus-ing on the re-use of components or extraction of secondary raw materials. So far, the e-waste recycling system is purely market driven. Some of the recycling processes are extremely harmful and have negative impacts on the workers‘ health and the environment. A study on the burning of printed wiring boards that was conducted 2004 showed an alarming concentration of dioxins in the surrounding areas in which open burning was practiced. These toxins cause an increased risk of cancer if inhaled by workers and local residents or by entering the food chain via crops from the surrounding fields.

19. RECYCLING OF E WASTE IN INDIA
Recycling is characterized by unskilled workers lacking access to proper e-waste recycling technologies Reduction of environmental degradation by improved technologies and skills for e-waste management and recycling in India Highly polluting backyard operations posing threat to workers Create improved income generation opportunities for e-waste recyclers Improve environmental, health and living conditions of the predominantly unskilled and semi skilled workers and local population of surrounding areas

20. INDIA TO HAVE NEW RECYCLING E WASTE PLANTS
Experiments are going on at a small scale at Eparisara in Bangalore, a non-government initiative. A stakeholder meeting on the issue was held in the Capital recently. Officials from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, CPCB and various NGOs were amongst others present at the meeting. Dr Ravindra, Director Centre for Sustainable Development (CSD) from Bangalore gave a presentation on an overview of ongoing activities. Dr Vijyalaxmi of Development Alternative, who was also present in the meeting, appreciated the decisions taken by people over the subject

21. Process of recycling

24. BIBLIOGRAPHY………. Websites… www.google.com www.yahoo.com
Books….
E-waste
India today
Readers digest

25. Thank you….