1. The Kidneys and excretion http://www.kidney.org/kidneydis ease/kidneyquiz.cfm# Kidney Quiz

2. Crash Course – The Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=WtrYotjYvtU

3. Introduction: human body cells produce enormous amounts of waste such as carbon dioxide, ammonia and urea our bodies provide several ways to get rid of (or excrete) cellular wastes, they are: the lungs, the skin, the liver, the kidneys and the large intestine the kidney ranks as one of the most important because it rids the body of a variety of dissolved wastes, and also plays a role in regulating the chemical constancy of the bloodstream

7. The role of the liver in excretion the liver plays a role in transforming material into removable waste alcohol and heavy metals are changed by the liver into soluble units which can be removed by the kidney proteins are converted into carbohydrates through the process of deamination deamination is the removal of the nitrogen-containing amino group in proteins forming ammonia in the liver, two molecules of ammonia combine with carbon dioxide to form urea NH 3 + NH 3  urea uric acid is produced by the liver from the breakdown of amino acids

8. http://www.gdn.edu/Faculty/pjen/Anatomy%20and%20physiology%202210K%20-%20lecture%205%20notes.htm

9. The Urinary System The urinary system plays a significant role in: Removing waste Balancing blood pH Maintaining water balance http://www.health.uab.edu/Print.aspx?pid=15557&print=yes

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_ 7Q1xQ-NWU

11. Parts of the Urinary System Kidneys: each kidney is about the size of a fist, lies on either side of the vertebral column located high on the abdominal wall beneath the diaphragm and the lungs help to eliminate wastes from the blood help to regulate water concentration of the body as well as blood pressure helps to maintain a constant pH

12. Parts of the Urinary System Ureters: carry the wastes filtered from the blood in the kidneys to the urinary bladder Urinary Bladder: stores urine stretch receptors signal to the brain when it is time to empty the bladder (a stimulus strongest when there are more stretch receptors stimulated)

13. Parts of the Urinary System Urethra: a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body Longer in men than in women (why are women more prone to Urinary Tract Infections?) Aorta: an artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys Inferior Vena Cava: a vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the kidney

14. Urination when there is about 200 mL of urine in the bladder, the message to urinate is sent. At about 600 mL, voluntary control is lost a sphincter muscle a the base of the bladder controls urination

15. Parts of the Kidney http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-urinary.html

16. Parts of the Kidney Cortex: an outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the kidney Medulla: the inner layer of the kidney, found beneath the cortex Renal Pelvis: the center chamber of each kidney that connects to the ureters urine produced drains into the renal pelvis and drains into the ureters

17. Parts of the Kidney Renal Vein: veins that branch from the kidney to the inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood to the heart Renal Artery : arteries that branch into the kidneys from the aorta carry oxygenated blood from the heart Nephrons : the functional unit of the kidney (approx. 500, 000 per kidney) the site of blood filtration

18. Anthony Atala: Growing new organs http://www.ted.com/talks/anthony_atal a_growing_organs_engineering_tissue. html

19. Parts of the Nephron Afferent arteriole: branches from the renal artery and carries blood to the glomerulus Efferent arteriole : carries blood away from the glomerulus Glomerulus: a tuft of capillaries that is surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule the site of filtration Bowman’s capsule a cup-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus receives filtered fluids (wastes) from the glomerulus

20. Parts of the Nephron www.colorado.edu/.../IPHY3430-200/13urinar.html

21. http://www.handwrittentutorials.com/vi deos.php?id=73 Nephron anatomy

22. Parts of the Nephron Proximal tubule: joins the Bowman’ s capsule with the Loop of Henle the site of reabsorption from the nephron back into the blood Distal tubule : the last segment of the nephron connects the Loop of Henle to the collecting duct reabsorption can occur here Loop of Henle: takes urine from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule descending Loop of Henle is permeable to water and ions and is the site of some reabsorption ascending Loop of Henle is impermeable to water so sodium ions are actively transported out Collecting duct: collect urine from many nephrons and carries the urine to the renal pelvis

23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cc8s Uv2SuaY Khan Academy

24. Formation of Urine Four processes are crucial for the formation of urine Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion Water reabsorption http://www.biologymad.com/resources/kid ney.swf

25. Formation of Urine Glomerular Filtration Water and some dissolved substances are forced from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule The pores of the capillaries are large enough to allow for water and some ions to pass but small enough to prevent proteins and blood cells to pass through The force required for this filtration is provided by extremely high blood pressure (four times greater than anywhere else in the body) Each day, 1600-2000 L of blood passes through the glomerulus, producing approx. 180 L of glomerular filtrate

26. Formation of Urine Tubular Reabsorption in the proximal tubule The process where ions, glucose and water are reabsorbed into the blood in the proximal tubule The cells of the proximal tubule have many mitochondria Mitochondria are required to produce the ATP required for the active transport of sodium ions, glucose and other solutes back into the blood Negatively charged ions passively follow the positive ions attracted to their positive charge Water follows the ions by osmosis

28. Formation of Urine Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Tubule Active transport of sodium ions from the filtrate into the capillaries occurs here Negative ions such as chloride follow passively by charge attraction There is also passive reabsorption of water by osmosis Potassium and hydrogen ions are actively secreted into the distal tubule Nitrogen containing wastes, other minerals and some drugs are also secreted into the distal tubule (if they aren’t already in there)

29. http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2%20urinary_system.htm

30. Formation of Urine Reabsorption of Water from the collecting duct The concentration of ions as they travel down the collecting duct increases This causes passive diffusion of water from the filtrate back to the blood by osmosis The reabsorption of water causes the filtrate to become more concentrated – it is called urine

31. Formation of Urine http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/dynamichuman2/content/urinary/visuals.mhtml

32. http://www.handwrittentutorials.com/vi deos.php?id=75

33. Water Balance in the Body the kidneys are involved in regulating body fluid levels adjustments in water absorption of the kidney involves interaction with the body’s nervous and endocrine systems

34. Water Balance in the Body Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are cells that are sensitive to osmotic pressure When blood plasma becomes too concentrated (dehydration) osmotic pressure increases Osmoreceptors send a message to the pituitary gland to release a hormone called ADH (anti- diuretic hormone) ADH increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct allowing more water to be absorbed This dilutes the blood and lowers osmotic pressure Produces a more concentrated urine

35. Water Balance in the Body When blood plasma is too dilute (low osmotic pressure) osmoreceptors stop the release of ADH The distal tubule and collecting duct become less permeable to water More water is excreted in the urine and the blood becomes more concentrated The osmotic pressure of the plasma and tissue fluids rises to normal

36. http://www.creationofman.net/chapter3/chapter3_5.html

37. Low amounts of ADH

38. ADH Present

39. Water Balance in the Body Alcohol and caffeine act as diuretics They decrease the release of ADH This decreases the permeability of the collecting ducts and the distal tubule and increases water loss through the urine Can lead to dehydration

40. Balance of salt in the Body The kidneys regulate salt balance by controlling the excretion and reabsorption of various ions Sodium concentration can fluctuate depending on the diet of a person and the consumption of diuretic beverages A drop in sodium concentration in the blood is achieved by a hormone called aldosterone Aldosterone stimulates the distal tubule and collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium into the blood Reabsorption of sodium is followed by chloride ions and water Aldosterone also stimulates the secretion of potassium ions into the distal tubule if the concentration is too high

41. Kidneys and Blood Pressure The release of aldosterone may also be stimulated by a decrease in blood pressure Decreased Blood Pressure Renin released Angiotensinogen Angiotensin Blood Vessel Constriction Adrenal gland secretes aldosterone Increase water reabsorption in kidney

42. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec03/ch022/ch022a.html

43. Kidneys and Blood Pressure High blood pressure is one of the main reasons for kidney failure The blood vessels in the kidneys are very sensitive to changes in blood pressure If they become damaged, the amount of extra fluid and wastes that the kidneys can filter will be reduced The extra fluid accumulates in the body, increase blood volume and cause further increases in blood pressure This cycle can continue until kidney function is so reduced symptoms become obvious http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAmLbclSucQ&feature=related

44. Maintaining Blood pH Blood pH stays at approx. 7.4 due to: Acid-base buffer system maintaining pH by adding or removing H + ions The kidneys will excrete H + ions and absorb HCO 3 - ions as needed to maintain normal blood pH If blood is too acidic, kidneys will excrete H + and HCO 3 - is reabsorbed If blood is too basic, kidneys will not excrete H+ and not reabsorb HCO 3 -

45. Review tutorial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =U1m7egrEdk0

46. Kidney Disorders Diabetes Mellitus caused by an inadequate secretion of insulin from islet cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, blood sugar levels tend to rise and this excess sugar remains in the nephron this excess sugar provides osmotic pressure that draws water into the nephron large volumes of sweet urine is lost by people with diabetes mellitus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLiTbb6MaEU&feature=related

47. Kidney Disorders Diabetes Insipidus caused by the destruction of the ADH producing cells of the hypothalamus Without ADH to regulate water reabsorption, urine output increases and the individual must drink a lot of fluids http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qyo5T6zMl8Y

48. Kidney Disorders Bright’s Disease (also called glomerulonephritis or nephritis) characterized by inflammation of the nephrons This affects the permeability of the nephron, especially at the Bowman’s capsule, allowing proteins and other large molecules to enter when the proteins enter the nephron, there is no way for them to get out and as a result, water is taken in because of the osmotic pressure created

49. Kidney Disorders Kidney Stones caused by precipitation of the mineral solutes in the blood the stones are either alkaline or acid stones these stones can be lodged in the renal pelvis or move into the ureter, tearing tissues on its way to the bladder and the urethra very painful to “pass a kidney stone” Guinnes Medical Records – Kidney stones http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16ewFJ- iQtw&feature=related

50. Well Mr. Osborne, it may not be kidney stones after all. http://avconline.avc.edu/faculty/slangjahr/tidbits.html

51. Kidney Disorders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR0oEsBIF5c&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQKQ4eoKfTg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR0oEsBIF5c&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQKQ4eoKfTg Dialysis

52. Drug error kills 2 Alberta hospital patients CBC News Posted: Mar 19, 2004 1:51 PM ET Last CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/drug- error-kills-2-alberta-hospital-patients- 1.509798