1. Group differences in opinions

2. Effect of education Patterns Interest and involvement Social issues Economic issues Foreign affairs

3. Explaining the effect of education “Indoctrination” Content of schooling Views of teachers “Enlightenment” general effects of education/knowledge implications for politics Implications of the two views

4. Important group differences Race/Ethnicity Religion – Denomination – Religiosity Education Economic status Region Generation: contrast with age Gender

5. Classifying Opinions Economic: Liberal vs. conservative Social: Liberal vs. conservative Foreign affairs: Internationalist vs. isolationist Use of force Party identification Relation to liberal/conservative

6. Patterns Economic: blacks, lower income, Catholics & Jews, North (especially Northeast) more liberal Social: educated, less religious, younger generations, Northeast and West coast, women more liberal Foreign: educated more internationalist, blacks and women less in favor of force Party: Blacks, Jews, Catholics, non-religious, lower income, women more Democratic. Southern whites more Republican.

7. Why do group differences exist? Interests General values and beliefs Differential association Continuity of group Application to explaining why group differences are larger or smaller