1. + Missing girls: Mixed methods evaluation Meera Tiwari Kathryn Kraft Susannah Pickering Saqqa

2. + Missing girls: Mixed methods evaluation Overview The missing girls literature The context Save the Girl Child Project Methodology Findings 2

3. + Missing Girls: Literature Anderson, S. and Ray, D. (2010) 'Missing Women: Age and Disease', Review of Economic Studies, 77(4), pp. 1262-1300. Anderson, S. and Debraj, R (2012), The Age Distribution of Missing Women, SPECIAL ARTICLE', Economic & Political Weekly, vol xlviI (Nos 47 & 48 ), pp. 87-95. Dickemann, M. (1981) 'A Third Explanation for Female Infanticide', Human Ecology, 9(1), pp. 97-104. Jayaraj, D. and S. Subramanian (2004) “Women’s wellbeing and the sex ratio at birth: Some suggestive evidence from India”, Journal of Development Studies, 40, 91-119. Jha, P., R. Kumar, P. Vasa, N. Dhingra, D. Thiruchelvam, and R. Moineddin (2006) “Low male-to-female sex ratio of children born in India: national survey of 1.1 million households”, Lancet, 367, 211-18. Sen, Amartya (1990) “More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing” The New York Review of Books, 37(20), December 20, 1990. Sen, Amartya (1992) “Missing women” British Medical Journal, 304 (March), 587-588 3

4. + The context India’s falling child sex ratio in the 0-6 years group 2011 Census: 918 girls to 1000 boys 2001 Census: 927 girls to 1000 boys 1991 Census: 945 girls to 1000 boys Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PC-PNDT) of 1994 PC-PNDT Act amendment in 2003 to end foeticide Anti-dowry act (ADC) since 1961 Criminalisation of PC-PNDT & ADC by the government Beti Bachao Beti Padhao:save the daughter, educate the daughter – launched in January 2015 by GoI 4

5. + 5

6. + 6

7. + Save the Girl Child Project: Childreach India (CRI) Launched in 2012 to combat the falling child sex ratio Located in Hissar (Haryana) in two low-income communities, – the state with the lowest ratio of 834:1000 in 2011 Census Objective: empowering girls, increasing value placed on girls & women in the communities targeted by project Project approach: awareness-raising activities, advocacy activities, service provision and facilitation, Primary participants: Currently married women, Adolescent girls, Teenage boys & men included in 2 nd phase Local government, educators and health providers are also engaged in a variety of ways, particularly for advocacy and service provision purposes Project team and location 7

8. + Evaluation Methodology-1 8 Evaluation Period: August-Nov 2015, field research 27-30 October Evaluation team: 3 external consultants (EC), all university academics with related expertise, assisted by CRI staff trained by EC Data: collected through individual and group interviews: 213 respondents to survey (all project beneficiaries); 15 individual key informants (3 health workers, 3 school teachers, 3 community leaders, 4 project staff) 6 focus group discussions with 10 or more participants each 2 group interviews to review initial findings and analyse key findings using the Most Significant Change (MSC) story selection technique

9. + Evaluation Methodology-2 9 Survey questionnaire: 11 questions to assess social issues regarding women and gender in the community knowledge & awareness of rights & issues regarding sex selection access to available relevant services. Answers inputted via Googleforms and analysed quantitatively. In addition, stories told during each survey interview recorded for further qualitative analysis. Key informant interviews: A purposive sample of project staff & local stakeholders interviewed using semi-structured questions. Focus Group Discussions: participants or those touched by the project in any way interviewed in groups, using same questions MSC interviews/meetings: Drawing stories captured during all 3 above data collection, ET selected 14 thematic representative stories Two groups then asked to select the story that they saw as “most significant” for each domain and explain why

10. + Findings – 1: Social Issues Both groups selected stories that highlighted the continued challenges women face in society, in particular the extent to which they do not yet fully enjoy trust, respect or value. “What are the biggest challenges that you face because of being a woman?” (or for men: “What are the biggest challenges that women face?” *Choose UP TO three 10 early marriagedowryeducation families don’t want a girl child too much work at home Other FemaleMarried43 (18.5%)33 (14%)63 (27%) 21 (9%) 29 (12.5%) 43 (18.5%) Single31 (23%)26 (19%)34 (25%)14 (10%)11 (8%)20 (15%) Female total74 (20%)59 (16%)97 (26%)35 (9.5%)40 (11%)63 (17%) MaleMarried24 (22%)18 (16.5%)25 (23%)8 (7%)15 (14%)19 (17%) Single7 (35%)3 (15%)4 (20%)03 (15%) Widowed711000 Male total32 (24%)22 (17%)30 (23%)8 (6%)18 (14%)22 (17%) TOTAL 106 (21%)82 (16%)128 (25%)45 (9%)58 (11%)86 (17%)

11. + Findings – 2: Knowledge and Awareness Both stories highlight the importance of girls not only knowing their rights, but having the confidence to claim them The importance of education for a girl’s future: employment, be independent and contribute to her family’s income Both stories highlight the importance of girls not only knowing their rights, but having the confidence to claim them Response summary: What do you think are the 3 most imp. rights women have? 11 PropertyEducation Health services Vote Contraception and/or reproductive services Marriage decisions Other FemaleMarried 53 (19%)63 (23%)24 (9%)52 (19%)22 (8%)30 (11%)34 (12%) Single29 (21%)34 (25%)9 (6.5%)21 (15%)4 (3%)27 (20%)13 (9%) Female total 82 (20%)97 (23%)33 (8%) 73(17.5%) 26 (6%)57 (14%)47 (11%) MaleMarried26251127 41315 Single4 (20%) 13 (15%)16 (30%)1 Widowed1110010 Male total31 (21%)30 (21%)13 (9%)30 (21%)5 (3%)20 (14%)16 (11%) TOTAL 11412847104317764

12. 12 Findings - 3 Dimension of change/ Attribution code E+E-I+I-O+O- Women’s rights 4211 Housing 1 1 Care in old age 1 1 Girls’ empowerment4 5 3 Women’s employment 2211 Girls’/women’s safety1 2214 Knowledge of rights2 3 K of reproductive health1 1 K of right to education1 2 31 PCPNDT Act1 5122 Legal/social recourse1 213 Foeticide 2 2 Access to reproductive health services 2 1 1 Access to other health services 7 1 12 Access to education3 1 32 Access to legal/ inst redress 1 22 Attribution Positive change explicitly attributed to the project - E+ Negative/no change explicitly attributed to the project - E- Positive change implicitly attributed to the project - I+ Negative/no change implicitly attributed to the project - I- Positive change explicitly attributed to other factors - O+ Negative change explicitly attributed to other factors - O- No attribution - N