1. 18th c. European Expansion
Unit 2: Subunit B
18th c. European Expansion

2. Intro Question Do you believe there is a way out of poverty?
How do you break this cycle of poverty?

3. 18th c. European ECONOMIC HISTORY
18th c. European ECONOMIC HISTORY. Essential Questions: How did Europe expand in the 18th century? … internal growth? (rising food production, population boom, expansion of industry) … external growth? (global trade, empire building)

4. I. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

5. Objectives
Compare and contrast farming methods and the supply of food before and after the Agricultural Revolution.
Explain the factors that caused the Low Countries and England to adopt the new methods of the Agricultural Revolution first.

6. 17th c. Economy: Agrarian 80% of W. Europeans Open field system
Rest were nobles, clergy
even more in E. Europe
90-95%
Open field system
Agrarian: Uh gr-air ian. Refering to farmers of or relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land.

7. Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System What it looked like:
open fields, cut into strips for each family
no fences
common lands for pasturing animals
Smith
Walsh
Wilson
Miller
Carder
Carroll
Common Land

8. Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System Problems: Famine Foods
soil exhaustion  fields lie fallow
low output + periods of famine
Famine Foods
Grass and Bark……….
Dandelions……………….
Chestnuts………………….

9. Agricultural Revolution
(ca )
What: elimination of the fallow
How:
crop rotation- Charles Townshed
(2) enclosure

10. Agricultural Revolution
(ca )
Consequences:
MUCH more food
Much more profits to go to agriculture & manufacturing
rise of market-oriented estate agriculture
Formed societies to discuss agriculture
proletarianization (landless peasants)
Enclosures
proletarianization, proletarianization is the social process whereby people move from being either an employer, unemployed or self-employed, to being employed as wage labor by an employer. In Marxian theory,proletarianization is often seen as the most important form of downward social mobility.
Between 1600 and 1900, England’s wheat output tripled. Overall, by 1870 English farmers were producing 300% more food than in 1700 with just 14% more labor!

11. West vs. East The farther east the worst the conditions
Low Countries 1st – why:
densely populated
growth of urban areas
England 2nd – students of the Dutch
Cornelius Vermuyden- drainage
Jethro Tull= seed drill, horses for plowing, selective breeding
interest in increasing farm output (= more surpluses)
Enclosures= agricultural individualism
The farther east the worst the conditions
Prisoners of tradition
Refused to eat or plant certain foods
Tomatoes (peasants believed were poison)
Potatoes( Russian’s believed they were apples of devil)
Content to sit back and live from revenue extracted from peasants
Serfdom still existed (not interested in peasant innovation

12. Results of Revolution Building an Economy
Population Explosion
Cottage Industry
Building the Atlantic Economy
Marriage and Family
Children & Education
Food & Medical Practice
Religion and Popular Culture

13. Teach Us Presentation of Information
Read section of book concerning information
The presentation CONTENT should address all of the guiding questions.
Don’t just answer the questions. Present it in a way that goes over all the questions.
The presentation FORMAT can vary: you may use the whiteboard, the overhead projector, PowerPoint, or other media
Cannot be more than 10 minutes
Extra credit: create a handout to give to your peers that helps explain your assigned topic

14. Journal # 1
What do you observe about this political cartoon? What does it suggest about Government intervention? When do you believe government should intervene in the economy? When do you believe government should intervene in the running of businesses? 14

15. Commercials For each presentation write the following What is it?
Who came up with the idea?
What is it’s purpose?
How does it work?
How is it going to impact your industry (agricultural or industry).

16. ii. Population explosion
What accounted for the dramatic population increase in Europe during the 18th century?

17. Population Patterns up to 1700
irregular cyclical pattern of slow growth
Up and down
factors that held down population growth:
Famine (from open system)
Disease (Black plague)
War (100 years war, 30 years war (religious wars)
Poverty (poor live shorter lives)
Life expectency for france is 29

18. 18th c. Population Explosion
Why: decline in mortality …
famine: new canals and roads enabled food transport; new foods (potato)
disease: bubonic plague disappeared; improved sanitation
Waste removal
Careful when burying dead
war: less destructive
Armies more professional
Discipline
Supply
New battlegrounds (New world)
Encouraged couples to marry earlier, have more children. Birth control in 1770 but still very unrealiable!!!!!!!

19. iii. Cottage industry & urban guilds
Discuss the development of cottage industry and its impact on rural life and economy.
Describe the features of the guild system, explain how it evolved in the 18th century, and explain why the guild system eventually was replaced.

20. Cottage Industry manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes
England shifts to countryside workers to produce goods.

21. Cottage Industry: The Putting-Out System
What: merchant capitalist “put out” raw materials to cottage workers, who returned finished products to the merchant
Competitive advantages (over guilds):
low wages
no regulation = experimentation + variety of goods

22. Cottage Industry 1st in: England, textile industry
Hand spinning: largest source of female employment
family enterprise
spinners can’t keep up with weavers  “spinsters”
conflict b/t workers & merchant-capitalists
erratic pace

23. Journal #2 Who’s at fault? The drug dealer or the drug user?
Who’s worse? 23

24. Guild flags, etching from 1815.
Urban Guilds
Merchants & artisans organized into corporate guilds by goods sold or produced
elitist & monopolistic:
restricted membership: men, nepotism, costly
exclusive rights to produce certain goods
access to limited raw materials
Guild flags, etching from 1815.

25. What do you guys notice about these two pictures of the Guilds
What do you guys notice about these two pictures of the Guilds???? Only men, wives cildren and servants participated in family’s ecnomic activity . What does this suggest about the sexual division of labor in pre-industrial households???

27. Tour de France
Journeymen perfected skills by stopping in a number of cities over a period of several years
Worked under many masters
Where the name originated

28. Urban Guilds not open to experimentation
18th c.  openness to women (ex. dressmaking)
lost power, late 18th c. – mid-19th c. (FR / rise of free market)

29. “Industrious Revolution”
social/econ of late 17th-early 18th c.
wage work
 leisure time
new pattern = foundation for IR (1780)
Debate over consequences … life better or worse for:
the poor?
women?

30. “Industrious Revolution”
Between : 210 new invention patents
Between : 976 new invention patents
Steam Engine
Fertilizer
Iron Plow
Flying shuttle
Spinning Jenny
Water frame
Water mill

31. IV. BUILDING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY31

32. Objectives
Explain how Britain became the dominant European power in the colonial world.
Describe the development of slavery and its impact on the economy in the Americas.
Explain how Spain recovered in the 18th century after its 17th-century decline.
Describe the hierarchy of Spanish colonial society.
Identify European colonies in Asia.
Explain Adam Smith’s economic theory, and contrast it with mercantilism.

33. 18th c. Commercial Leader:
BRITAIN!!!

34. Why Britain?
Britain's economic advantage explains why manufacturing revolution began there
Unified politically
Same language
No internal tariffs (France, Italy, Germany had tariffs)
Weights & measurements standardized in Britain
Colonies of Great Britain provided raw materials and new markets
Improved roads/turnpikes (toll roads)
Government offered businessmen more assistance
Royal navy protected merchant fleets (Navigation acts)
Low taxes on business
Government rarely interfered in operations of economy

35. Success in war – economic & military.
Britain did have rivals:
Dutch (dominated 17th century)
French
Spanish
So how did Britain take the lead?
Success in war – economic & military.

36. England/Dutch Vs. The Rest of Europe
England had Iron Plow
Draft animals
Enclosures
Crop rotation
Selective breeding
paper money
Great banking/credit
Spain, Italy, Southern France
had wooden plow that barley scratched surface
Peasants lacked farm & draft animals= no fertilizer, meat, milk
Agricultural tradition: land divided into small strips & slash/burn
Suspicious of paper money/ hard obtaining credit
France didn’t lag far behind (it was principal supplier of Spain

37. Wars Navigation Acts (1651-1663) Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
War of the Spanish Succession ( )
War of the Austrian Succession ( )
Seven Years’ War ( )

38. 1. Navigation Acts (1651-1663) econ. warfare: Outcome: beat out Dutch
GB imports must be carried on GB ships (or on ships of country producing the goods)
GB colonies must ship goods on GB (or US) ships + buy goods from GB
Outcome: beat out Dutch

39. 2. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) 3 wars
Outcome: war coupled w/ Nav. Acts, Dutch commerce 
Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. Britain seized it and renamed it “New York.”

40. 3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
Charles II (last of Habsburg)
Dies w/o heir
Gives it to Philip of Anjou/Philip the V
(2nd eldest grandson of Louis XIV of France
Cause: threat of French/Spanish union
Threat of Balance of power in Europe
France vs. Grand Alliance (GB, Dutch, Austria, Prussia)
Counter France growing dominance
King Louis XIV refused to remove Philip V from French line of Succession= possibility of France and Spain being under one monarch when Philip received crown of France

41. 3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
Grand Alliance won!
Peace of Utrecht:
Fr/Sp could not be united
France lost Amer. colonies to GB
Spain lost land to Austria & gives control of slave trade to GB
HRE looses Spain (no longer Habsburg)
U-treckt
Thus: France & Spain decline … GB gains

42. 4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Charles VI dies w/out heir
Pragmatic sanction allows Maria Theresa to throne
Cause: Prussia (Fred the Great) took Silesia from Austria (Maria Theresa)
Austria, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Britain
fearing expansion of Prussia
Britain wanted to protect Hanover from Prussia
Prussia, France, Spain
France & Spain wanted land & influence
Maria Theresa’s Daughter is Marie Antionette, Pragmatic Sanction: right of female and or male succession. Seeing woman as weakness Fredick great of Prussia took Silesia (previously HRE territory) Then Bohemia nobles rebelled and wanted another ruler of Bavaria to take over. Britain: Queen Anne succeeds William III to Trone of Englad. After 18 pregnancies and 5 live births still no Heir act of succession: prevented any furture restoration of catholic stuart to throne. So upon her death King George I of Germany/ Hanover becomes George the II of England.

43. 4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Came to include Anglo-French conflicts in India & N. America
Outcome:
Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ended war
Prussian victory
no land in N. America
King George II captures French fort of Louisbourg in North America. King George II horse gets spooked and rides off with king. HAHAHA. Last British Monarch to fight in Battle. . Battle of Fontency French defeat Dutch & British. Tre
GB’s King George II at Battle of Dettingen – defeated the French. GB fought on Austria’s side.

44. 5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Cause: MT wanted Silesia back
Alliances switch
France, Austria, Russia
Alarmed by Prussian power
Prussia, Britain
Britain to get back at France
France vs. Britain over colonies (called French & Indian War)
War against Catholics for Britons
Not just war of Kings but of Nations. France and Britain both underwent surge of Patriotic enthusiasm.

45. General James Wolfe @ Quebec
1759- general James wolfe attacks French near Quebe by forces climbing up cliffs from river to surprise their enemy. Took Quebec. Took Montreal in 1760.

46. 5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Indecisive in Europe
Prussia keeps Silesia
British victory in colonies
Treaty of Paris 1763 :
France & Spain lost land in N.Amer/Canada. & India to GB
Spain ceded Florida to Britain

47. Theme: Land and Trade Monopolization
Outcome: Britain realized goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire

48. Meanwhile IN THE COLONIES…

49. IN THE COLONIES….
THE AMERICAS

50. Atlantic Slave Trade (18th c. height)

51. Atlantic Slave Trade Forced Migration of millions of Africans
15% died in transit
plantation agriculture: sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice, cotton
1700: GB becomes leader
1770s-80s: GB abolition campaign
1807: Parliament abolished Great Britain slave trade
Middle Passage

52. Who’s Worse? The Dealer or the User?
African dealers would traders and slaves to British Ships
African Merchants and rulers who controlled exports profited from greater demand for slaves
With new wealth they gained access to European and colonial goods (GUNS)
New wealth was only for Merchants and Rulers
Wars among African states increased
To obtain salable captives
Led to population of Africa stagnating or declining during 18th century

53. Spanish Revival
After its height in the 16th c., and a drastic fall in the 17th, Spain came back in the 18th!
Causes:
better leadership: Philip V (r )
From War of Spanish Succession
reforming ministers
Centralization of state

54. Spanish Revival Signs of revival: colonies benefit! better defense
Laws & Language established
expansion (ex. Louisiana, CA)
silver mining recovers
new class of wealthy Creoles

55. Spanish Colonial Society
Creole: Spanish blood, born in America
mestizo: mixed Spanish/Indian
debt peonage:
17th c. labor system
serfdom – owner keeps Indians in bondage by advancing pay

56. IN THE COLONIES….
ASIA

57. Outposts in Indian Ocean trading world
Portugal (16th c.)
Outposts in Indian Ocean trading world

58. Dutch Republic (17th c.)
Indonesia

59. France Key light blue = 1st empire of 1600s-1700s
dark blue = 2nd empire, after 1830
India

60. Britain (India, 18th c.)

61. Why does it matter? What difference does it make?
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

62. Different Economic Systems
Mercantilism
Capitalism
17th-18th c.
gov’t. regulation
goal: ↑ gold reserves … exports > imports
late 18th c. forward
gov’t. stays out of economy

63. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)
capitalism / free market / free trade / economic liberalism / laissez-faire
3 duties of gov’t.:
defense (military)
civil order (police, courts)
public works

64. Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”
“By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good.”

65. Mercantilism vs. Capitalism
Read Defining and Defending Mercantilism (1664)
Thomas Mun, England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade
Read Critiquing Mercantilism
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1976)
Questions to answer:
Compare and contrast the ideas for each of the readings
what would motivate individuals to work in each of the economic systems?
Which system do you believe would work best? Explain your answer