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Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3/E David Capuzzi & Mark D. Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Presentation on theme: "Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3/E David Capuzzi & Mark D. Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved."— Presentation transcript:

1 Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3/E David Capuzzi & Mark D. Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 2 Substance Addictions Updated by Melinda Haley, Walden University

2 Addiction Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Addictive process has many components Behavioral elements May or may not involve physical dependence

3 Neurobiology and Physiology of Addiction Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved No single biological factor Brain changes with addiction Permanent damage Changes in connections between neurons

4 Reward Pathway Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Areas of brain key to addictive cycle Ventral tegmental area (VTA) Nucleus accumbens Prefrontral cortex Reward Circuit http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/tg_brainimages_fig6.html

5 Reward Pathway, (continued) Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral tegmental area  NA  Prefrontal Cortex Source: http://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching3/Teaching2.html

6 Nerve Cells and Neurotransmission Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Neurons 100 billion nerve cells Neurotransmitters Dopamine Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) Glutamate Neuroreceptors Source: http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/tg_nerves.asp#

7 Cocaine Interference with Neurons Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/tg_brainimages_fig7.html

8 PET Scan: Positron Emission Tomography Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

9 Neurobiology of Loss of Control & Compulsive Use Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Frontal areas of brain Anterior cingulated cortex (ACC) Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) Cortico-basal ganglia network Dorsal striatum Brain is physically damaged, less capable of learning

10 Effects of Alcohol on the Brain Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Studies suggest 50% of alcoholics have some degree of brain damage More damage to right hemisphere Volume shrinkage Significantly disrupt neurogenesis

11 Other Physiological Factors in Addiction Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Tolerance Neuroadaptation, genetic influences Metabolic tolerance Pharmacodynamic tolerance High tolerance leads to higher risk of dependency Withdrawal Can be life-threatening

12 Substances of Addiction Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Depressants Stimulants Cannabinoids Hallucinogens Opioids

13 Depressants Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suppress the central nervous system 1. Alcohol 2. Sedative/Hypnotic drugs

14 Alcohol Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethanol Proof 7% alcohol/ethanol = 14 proof 151-proof rum = ___ % ethanol? Mood altering effects within 20 minutes Metabolized by the liver as a toxin Intoxicated Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

15 Sedative/Hypnotic drugs Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Benzodiazepines (aka “tranquilizers”) Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam) High risk for abuse and addiction Women at risk Barbiturates Tuinal (amobarbital with secobarbital), Nembutal (pentobarbital) Lethal potential Non-barbiturates (Quaaludes)

16 Opioids Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Derived from opium Morphine Heroin Highly addictive Intravenous injection, snorting and smoking Methadone and buprenorphine to treat addiction OxyContin

17 Stimulants Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.Tobacco Nicotine 2. Ephedrine 3. Amphetamines 4. Ritalin 5. Cocaine

18 Ephedrine and Amphetamines, Amphetamine-like Medications Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ephedrine Legal ban in 2004 (side effects) Amphetamines (“Speed”) Methamphetamine Oral, snorted, smoked, injected Nonpharmaceutical: “ice” and “Kat” (methcathinone) Lower cost, many impurities

19 Amphetamine-like Medications Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ritalin (methylphenidate) Prescribed for ADHD

20 Cocaine Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epidemics in late 1800s, early 1900s Use has declined since 1990s “Crack” cocaine Smokeable, concentrated form of cocaine Physical Dependence (tolerance/withdrawal) Strong potential for abuse

21 Cannabinoids Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Marijuana Can be stimulant, depressant, mildly psychedelic Tolerance, withdrawal, dependence Negative physical effects

22 Hallucinogens and Other Psychedelics Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Lysergic acid derivatives (LSD) Phencyclidine (PCP) – dissociative anesthetic MDMA (Ectasy) The most popular psychedelic of the 1990’s Perception-altering properties Psychological dependency; no tolerance or withdrawal

23 Useful Web Sites Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Alcoholics Anonymous www.alcoholics-anonymous.org Al-Anon and Alateen www.al-anon.org Narcotics Anonymous www.na.org Center for Substance Abuse Treatment www.samhsa.gov

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