1. Chapter 9 Section 2

2. I. Seedless Nonvascular Plants  1. NO seeds and NO vessels for transporting nutrients and water.  2. Usually about 2-5 cm tall.  3. Roots rhizoids (which anchor them where they go)  4. Live in damp places because water is directly absorbed through their cell membranes.

3. A. Mosses  1. Have green leaf-like growths arranged around a central stalk  2. Reproductive cells  spores are produced on the caps of these stalks  3. Rhizoids have many cells  4. Grow on  a. tree trunks  b. the ground  c. even rocks

5. B. Liverworts  1. Thought to be a good herb for the liver  2. Rootless plants with flattened bodies  3. Rhoizoids have one cell usually

7. C. Hornworts  1. Most less than 2.5 in diameter  2. All hornworts have only one chloroplast in each of their cells  3. They have sporophytes (spore producing structures) which look like horns

9. D. Nonvascular Plants and the environment  1. Important to the environment  2. Spores are carried by the wind  a. Will grow if conditions are right  3. Mosses are most often the first to grow in a new area  b. Pioneer species

10. II. Seedless Vascular Plants  1. Also produce spores  a. Do NOT produce seeds  2. But DO contain vascular tissue  b. (vessels to transport water and nutrients)

11. A. Types of Seedless Plants  1. Ferns  2. Club mosses (ground pines and spike mosses)  3. horsetails

12. B. Ferns  1. Largest group of vascular seedless plants  2. Have stems, leaves, and roots  3. Fern leaves are called fronds  4. Produce spores found on the underside of the fronds  5. 3-5 m in height and grow in tropical regions

14. C. Club Mosses  1. Includes spike mosses and ground pines  2. Have needle like leaves  3. Spores are produced by tiny pine cone structures

16. D. Horsetails  1. Jointed stem  2. Has a hollow center  3. Surrounded by a ring of vascular tissue  4. At each joint, leaves grow out from around the stem