1. Social organization: Social organization for any community is composed of different types of social relationships for different groups used for different purposes. The social groups to which people belong are the family, the kinship, the caste, religion, villages, cities and state. Besides there are certain functional groups such as club and various associations, as schools universities etc.

2. The social groups are: 1. The family: is the basic unit in all societies and it is the most powerful example of social cohesion. 2. The Caste: in caste system there are certain rules and sanctions related to every aspects of the life. 3. The religion: Different religions are found within different countries, each of which related closely to certain health qualities.

3. 4. Temporary social groups: A- The Crowd: A group of people come together temporarily, for a short period, motivated by a common interest or curiosity (e.g. witness a football match). The crowd lacks internal organization and leadership and when the interest is over the crowd will disperse.

4. 4. Temporary social groups: B- The Mob: Is essentially a crowd, but has a leader who forces the member into action. The mob is more emotional than crowd and like the crowd in that it is unstable and without internal organization and when the goals of mob is achieved, the mob will disperse.

5. 4. Temporary social groups: C- The Herd: Is also a group of people with leader, but the group have to follow the order of the leader without question (e.g. a tourist group with a leader). Internal organization is present here.

6. 5. Permanent spatial groups: A- The Band: is the main elementary for a community, formed by few families living together. Here the group has organized itself and follows a pattern of life. B - The Village: is a small collection of people permanently settled down in a locality with their homes and cultural equipments. C - The Town and cities: is a relatively large, dense and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals. D - The state: is an ecological social group based on territory. It is well stabilized and formalized and it is heterogeneous in nature.

7. 6. Government and political organization: Is an organization of which law is the institutional activity and it is the supreme agent authorized to regulate the balanced social life in the interest of the public. There is no society which lacks government and some form government is detectable even among primitive society. To understand the organization of medical services in any country, it is essential to know its social and administrative organization.

8. Types of government in modern world: - Democracy: This is government of the people, by the people and for the people (India). - Autocracy: The ruler is absolute in his power as in Jordan. - Monarchy: The head of the state is the monarch as found in UK. - Socialistic: The production and wealth are owned and controlled by the state as China. - Oligarchy: The country is ruled by a family groups as Saudi Arabia.

9. In Capitalist countries, medical service is given to the population by various agencies in various ways. State medicine, insurance medicine, charity medicine and private medicine. Medicine has developed into a trade – that is purchased by the patient and sold by the physician under a competitive system. * In Socialist countries, medicine like education, is not a trade: it is a public function of society. All health activities are directed and controlled by central bodies, and medical services are free and therefore available for all, it is in other word socialized medicine.In Capitalist countries, medical service is given to the population by various agencies in various ways. State medicine, insurance medicine, charity medicine and private medicine. Medicine has developed into a trade – that is purchased by the patient and sold by the physician under a competitive system. * In Socialist countries, medicine like education, is not a trade: it is a public function of society. All health activities are directed and controlled by central bodies, and medical services are free and therefore available for all, it is in other word socialized medicine.

10. The Family: Definition: is the primary unit in all societies, it is a group of biologically related individuals living together and eating from a common Kitchen. (household not a family in that may not be blood related as servants).

11. The importance of the family in the community: As a biological unit, the family members share a pool of genes. As a social unit, they share a common physical and social environment. As a cultural unit, they reflects the wider society which determine the behaviors and attitudes of its members. As epidemiological unit, in providing social and medical services to its members. As a religious unit, It is the main core for continuation of religions. As a medical unit, within which usually, the first health care takes place. As a psychological unit, in both + and – way.

12. Family of origin: is the family in which one is born. Family of procreation: is the family which one sets up after marriage.

13. Family life cycle and family phases: Families are not constant, they are ever changing. A normal family cycle is generally conceived as having 6 phases (western model): Basic model of nuclear family life cycle: Phases of family life cycle Event characterizing No. Description Beginning of phase End of phase I Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child II Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child III Complete extension Birth of last child 1st child leaves IV Contraction 1st child leaves last child leaves V Complete contraction last child leaves 1st spouse dies IV Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivors Family life cycle and family phases: Families are not constant, they are ever changing. A normal family cycle is generally conceived as having 6 phases (western model): Basic model of nuclear family life cycle: Phases of family life cycle Event characterizing No. Description Beginning of phase End of phase I Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child II Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child III Complete extension Birth of last child 1st child leaves IV Contraction 1st child leaves last child leaves V Complete contraction last child leaves 1st spouse dies IV Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivors

14. Family cycle and stress (critical occasions): 1. Structure: - Adolescence (juvenile delinquency) - First pregnancy (puerperal psychosis) - Menopause. - Retirement. 2. Childhood: - Insecurity. - Marital discord. - Prenatal rejection (paternal, maternal and dual). - Institutional rearing.

15. 3. Adolescence: - Drug abuse and addiction. - Inappropriate sex behaviors. - Alcoholism. - Crime. 4. Parenthood: - Death of one parent. - Single family headed by a woman. - Divorce. 5. Aging: - Mental illnesses. - Role of family in the life of elderly human. - Isolation.

16. Types of Families (structure): 1. Nuclear Family: is universal in all human societies. It consists of the married couple and their children while they are still regarded as dependents. They tend to occupy the same dwelling space. The husband usually play a dominant role in the household. New family: consists of parents and children under 10 years of initiation.

17. 2. Joint Family (extended family): is a kind of family grouping and more common in agricultural areas, it is characterized by: - In the same house, there are no. of married couples, all men are related by blood, all females are their wives, or unmarried girls or widows of the family kinsman. - All the property is held in common. All for each and each for All (socialistic). - All the authority for senior male of the family and subsequently for his wife. -The familial relations enjoy primacy over marital relations. - The motto is " union is strength".

18. 3. Three Generation family: - Three generation in the household. - Occurs when young couples fail to find separate house. 4- One-parent family. 5- Communal family. 6- Quasi-family. 7- Strange family of modern ages. (homosexual, Gay, Lesbian)

19. Types of Families (organization): 1- Composition: Monogamous, polygamous (polygyny, polyandry). 2- Method of inheritance: Patrilineal and matrilineal. 3- Type or residence: Patrilocal and matrilocal. 4- Type of authority: Patriarchy and matriarchy. Types of Families (organization): 1- Composition: Monogamous, polygamous (polygyny, polyandry). 2- Method of inheritance: Patrilineal and matrilineal. 3- Type or residence: Patrilocal and matrilocal. 4- Type of authority: Patriarchy and matriarchy.

20. 5. Broken family: - Divorce. - Widowed. - Both parents die. - Paternal, maternal or dual parent separation. 8. Problem families: those families lag below the minimum accepted level, both parents unable to meet physical and emotional needs of their children, the home life is utterly unsatisfactory, there is usually a personality and relationship problems, backwardness, poverty, illness, mental and emotional instability and marital disharmony. The child reared in such families are usually the victims of prostitution, crime and vagrancy. 5. Broken family: - Divorce. - Widowed. - Both parents die. - Paternal, maternal or dual parent separation. 8. Problem families: those families lag below the minimum accepted level, both parents unable to meet physical and emotional needs of their children, the home life is utterly unsatisfactory, there is usually a personality and relationship problems, backwardness, poverty, illness, mental and emotional instability and marital disharmony. The child reared in such families are usually the victims of prostitution, crime and vagrancy.

21. Functions of Family: 1. Residence: One of the major function of the family is to provide a clean and decent home to its member. 2. Division of labors: In primitive societies it is well established, but in modern society, there is no clear distinction. 3. Reproduction and bringing up of children.

22. 4. Socialization: Reproducing barbarian baby to socially acceptable person. 5. Economic function: Providing security from want. 6. Social care: - Giving status in the society to its members. - Protecting its member from insults. - Regulating marital activities of its members. - Controlling Religious and social activities. - Regulating sex relations through incest- taboos.

23. Family in health and disease: * Anyone who is concerned with medical practice will come to know that family is ultimately the unit with which one has to deal. Most Eastern societies characterized by Familialism. Most Western societies characterized by Individualism.