1. Economic Development ECON408 Spring 2016 Development Challenges in Egypt TAREK ELSAWY 15700033 SODIQ OLAMIDE 137355 IBRAHIM MUSA BATARI 127789

2. Outline Introduction Human Rights violation Gender Inequality Inefficient Bureaucracy Unemployment Corruption Electoral Misconduct Conclusion

3. Introduction Egypt, a country linking northeast Africa with the Middle East, dates to the time of the pharaohs. Millennia-old monuments still sit along the fertile Nile River Valley, including the colossal Pyramids and Sphinx at Giza and the hieroglyph-lined Karnak Temple and Valley of the Kings tombs in Luxor. The capital, Cairo, is home to Ottoman landmarks such as Muhammad Ali Mosque. Capital: Cairo Population89.58million2014 Population growth rate: 2.6% annual change (2013) World Bank GDP $301.5billion2014 GDP Growth 2.2%2014 Inflation10.4%2015 President: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Currency: Egyptian pound Low middle income country.

4. Gender inequality and Human Rights Violation Egypt has a gender gap wit a value of 0.573 and ranked 131. Share of set in the parliament, % held by women 2.2% compare to 30.5% held by men. Unemployment rate in 2014 estimated to 9.6% for male, and 24% for female. According to structural change model: Focuses on the sequential process through which institutional structure of an under – developed economy is transformed. Source: CAPMAS - Labour survey 2014

5. Gender inequality and Human Rights Violation High rate’s of protester killings and impunity Mass arrest Mass death sentences Torture and ill-treatment Lack of freedom of Association Expression Assemble.

6. Unemployment Egypt unemployment rate: 13.2% 2014 Egypt youth Unemployment rate: 42% 2014 Structural change: two-sector surplus labor model: Traditional sector as surplus of labour Transfer of surplus labor and the growth of output to the modern sector Increase Urbanization. Criticism: Capitalist profits are reinvested in labor saving technology, so high level of structural unemployment exist

7. Inefficient Bureaucracy and corruption Population below poverty line:24.1% 2016 and ranked 95 51.2% suffer poverty Structural change: shift from traditional to industrial production Neoclassical counterrevolution: The central argument is that under development result from poor resources allocation due to incorrect pricing, policies and too much state intervention by overly active developing nations government According to public choice theory: its argue that government can do nothing right.

8. Electoral Misconduct Structural change and patterns of development: An attempt to identify characteristic features of the internal process of structural transformation that a typical developing nation undergoes. These structural changes involves virtually all economic functions as well as changes in the socioeconomic factors. RANKCOUNTRYSCORECATEGORIES 134EGYPT3,18Authoritarian

9. Conclusion In summary, Egypt provides a challenge to the neoclassical counterrevolution which emphasizes on poor resource allocation by developing countries and too much government intervention and the structural change which talks about shift from traditional to modern sector. Yet each of these approaches has added something vital to our understanding of development and growth in just Egypt.

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