2. Energy in a Cell Ch __ & __ Photosynthesis & Respiration

3. All Cells Need __________  Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new ________________. Building membranes and ________________. Moving molecules in and out of the ____________. _______________.

4. Where Does A Cell Get Energy?  ____________ is broken down to a form the cell can use.  Extra energy is stored in an ___________ molecule, a nucleotide.

5. What Is ATP?  ATP – __________________ _________________ is a molecule made up of an adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. Adenine Ribose

6. How Does ATP Work?  Energy is stored in the ___________ between the second and third __________________ group.  When the bond is broken, ___________ is released and __________ is formed. Adenine Ribose

7. ATP – Energy Currency Within a cell, formation of ________ from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, _____________ energy each time. As the cell ________ energy, ATP breaks down repeatedly to release energy and form ________ and phosphate.

8. Making Energy  Cells make energy in two ways: Photosynthesis – takes place in the _________________. Respiration – takes place in the _________________.

9. Photosynthesis  Autotrophs make their own food by trapping __________ energy and converting it to ____________________ energy (carbohydrates).

10. Photosynthesis  Using light from the sun, plants combine ____________ and ____________ ______________ to make sugar.  General Equation: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Reactants Products

12.  This equation illustrates the Law of _____________________ of Matter because the number and kinds of atoms on the left (____________) equals those on the right (______________).  6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 18 Oxygen on both sides

13. Path of Energy  Starts at the ________, and ends up locked in the bonds of ______________. The plant uses photosynthesis to capture this energy and ____________ it to chemical energy.

14. How Does Water Get in Plants?  Through the _________. Roots have smaller _______________ that increase the surface area for absorbing water.  Water is transported through the plant by special vessels called _____________.  Plants also have ___________ which are special vessels that transport food (carbohydrates that the leaves made by photosynthesis)

15. _____________

17. How Does Carbon Dioxide Get into a Plant?  Leaves have pores on their undersides called _____________ (plural=stomata). They allow the plant to breathe by letting in ____________________ while letting out _____________. This is the opposite of what animals do.

19. Photosynthesis  2 Reactions ____________ Reactions ____________ Cycle

20. Photosynthesis  Light Reactions – ________ energy is converted to ____________ energy to split hydrogen from water. Takes place in the _________ of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs). Byproducts are _________, _________, and _________.

21. Photosynthesis  _________ Cycle – ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used along with ________ to form a simple sugar (glucose). Takes place in the __________ of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling). Byproducts are ____________ (glucose), ______, and _________ (which return to the light reactions).

23. Sunlight NADP + ADP NADPH CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 CHLOROPLAST ATP

25. Roles in Photosynthesis:  Light: provides ___________  Water: provides ____________ (H+), oxygen is given off as a byproduct  Carbon Dioxide: Combines with _______________ in water to make carbohydrates (glucose)

26. Roles, cont.  _________________: green pigment that captures energy from the sun  NADP+: electron carrier, picks up _____ from water and brings them to other substances  Enzymes: improve ___________ of reactions in photosynthesis

27. How Environmental Factors Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis:  Light intensity: More light means ___________ photosynthesis  Light wavelength: Different ______________ (green, red, etc.) absorb different wavelengths of light  Temperature: Warmer temperatures make photosynthesis faster to a point. Too hot means __________ out, so plants close their ____________ & photosynthesis stops

28. Respiration  The process of _______________ down food molecules to release energy.  Occurs in the ______________.  Two types: Aerobic – requires ____________. Anaerobic – requires an _____________ of oxygen.

30. Cellular Respiration  Animals combine ___________ from the air with glucose in their cells to store energy in the form of ________.  General Equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP Reactants Products

31.  This equation illustrates the Law of _____________________ of Matter because the number and kinds of atoms on the left (reactants) _________ those on the right (products).  6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 18 Oxygen on both sides

32. Path of Energy  Energy is locked up in the __________ that hold food together. Digestion breaks them down to ___________, then respiration takes the energy in the bonds of glucose and converts it to _______. ATP is the energy source that all _______ use.

33. Respiration  Two types of anaerobic respiration: ________________ – occurs when bacteria break down plants (vegetables and fruit) and release ____________ or vinegar. ____________ Acid Fermentation – occurs in ____________ – a buildup of lactic acid causes soreness.

34. Respiration  Steps ________________ _________ Cycle ___________ Transport Chain

35. Respiration  Glycolysis – ____________ is split to form pyruvate. Where: _____________ of the cell. Needed: ____________ Products: 2 ____________ acids, ___________, ________

37. Respiration  Krebs Cycle – pyruvate is used to build __________ acid (a carbon compound), which is broken down to release _____. Where: ________ of mitochondrion. Needed: ___________ acid, ______+, _______ Products: ______, ________, ________ carries hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain.

39. Respiration  Electron ______________ Chain – hydrogen ions are stripped of their __________, and large amounts of ______ are formed. Where: inner ____________ of the mitochondrion. Needed: _________, _________ Products: _______, ________.

41. Why is Oxygen Needed?  It is the final ____________ acceptor in respiration during the electron transport chain. This means that Oxygen atoms receive the Hydrogen atoms that contain the electrons that were _________ down the electron transport chain. The product is ____________.

42. Why is NAD+ needed?  It is an electron __________. It brings ____________, in the form of Hydrogen ________, to other steps of respiration. For example, glycolysis converts NAD+ to ___________, then the NADH enters the ____________ Cycle, bringing the electrons with them.

43. MITOCHONDRION CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NADH Heat Electron Transport System ATP NAD + Pyruvate Glucose ATP

44. Sunlight Photo- System I Photo- system II NADP + ADP NADPH ATP Calvin CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NAD + NADH Electron Transport System Cycle Citric Acid Heat CHLOROPLASTMITOCHONDRION ATP Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Cycle

45. Energy Harvest  __________ Respiration (with oxygen) ________ ATP per glucose molecule  _______________ Respiration (no oxygen) ________ ATP per glucose molecule

47. Function Comparison  Cellular Respiration: To convert energy in ____________ to ATP which can be used by cells to do the cell’s _________  Photosynthesis: To convert energy from the ________ (radiant/solar energy) into _____________ energy in the bonds of ______________

48. Reactants Comparison  Cellular Respiration: __________, ______________  Photosynthesis: _________ _________, __________

49. Products Comparison  Cellular Respiration: ____________ ___________, __________  Photosynthesis: ___________, _______________

50. Location Comparison  Cellular Respiration: _______________ of animal cells  Photosynthesis: ________________ of plant cells

51. Other Things to Remember:  Radiant/solar energy can be changed to ______________ (potential) energy in weak bonds of compounds such as ______________.  Heat is disordered energy (increases ________________). This means that heat naturally ____________ the disorder of nature. It does not help build systems.

52.  _________________ processes are ones that you must _______ energy into. More energy goes ________ the system than comes out.  ________________ processes ______________ more energy than is put into it.

53.  The energy found in the _________ of glucose is converted to the energy ___________ in the bonds of ATP. Glucose stores energy in the _________; ATP stores energy in each living _________.

54.  Hydrogen __________ (H) are neutral and consist of an electron and a proton.  Hydrogen __________ (H+) are hydrogen atoms that have lost their electron.  Hydrogen’s electrons are carried by ________ and ________ in respiration, which become NADH and FADH 2.

55.  _____________ membranes of chloroplasts are stacked.  The ___________ of mitochondria are the inner folds.  Both of these structures provide a greater _____________ area on which the processes of photosynthesis and respiration can take place than if they were simple membranes.

56.  The electron transport chain allows ___________ to be passed to ____________________ energetic levels. As they go down the levels, energy is ____________ and is used to make ATP from ADP + P.

57.  ATP _______________ is an enzyme that is used to make ATP from ADP + P.  (most enzymes end in ___________)

58.  Two laws of thermodynamics:  1 st : Energy (and matter) cannot be ____________ nor destroyed. They can simply change __________.  2 nd : The universe is getting more ________________ and entropy is increasing. It takes energy to keep things ordered.