1. “Simple” Organisms

2. Is a virus a living thing?
Viruses, although not technically living due to the lack of cellular structure, are classified as microorganisms.

3. Why are Viruses Nonliving?
Living Cell
Virus
Asexual or sexual
DNA
Yes
Reproduction- only with a host cell
Genetic code- DNA or RNA
Growth/ development- NO
Obtain and use energy- NO
Response to environment- NO
Change overtime- Yes

4. Is a virus a living thing?
Viruses are composed of a protein coat (called a capsid) that protects a nucleic acid - either DNA or RNA.
The shape of the capsid determines the type of cell the virus can infect.

5. Is a virus a living thing?
A virus can only exist by infecting a host cell.
Viruses are classified by the reproductive cycle it uses to infect the host cell.

6. Fill It In …
Name 2 reasons that viruses are not considered living things: 1. 2.

7. Is a virus a living thing?
1. The lytic cycle describes the “life cycle” in which a virus uses the host cell to make copies of itself, then quickly kills the host cell as new virus copies are released.

8. Lytic Cycle Make copies of itself and infect host cell
Lytic Cycle
Make copies of itself and infect host cell
Cell cannot tell the difference between virus’ DNA and its own
Will transcribe and translate viral DNA
Viral DNA and protein will eventually chop and KILL the host cell
Only after hundred of copies of the virus was made

9. Is a virus a living thing?
2. The lysogenic cycle describes the “life cycle” in which the virus has a dormant stage in which the virus remains inactive within the cell.
This dormant period may last for weeks, months, or years.
An environmental trigger may cause the viral DNA to emerge from the host DNA and begin a lytic cycle of reproduction.
Ex: Herpes and chicken pox viruses!

10. Lysogenic Will integrate itself into the host DNA
Will remain dormant for some time
It will eventually replicate itself along with the host DNA
Virus

11. Fill It In …
Using the diagram, explain how lytic and lysogenic are different:

12. How a virus works

13. Is a virus a living thing?
Viruses are pathogenic, or disease-causing microorganisms

14. Is a virus a living thing?
HIV causes AIDS.
HIV infects T-cells, which are important for the immune response.
Thus, people with AIDS often die of opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia.

15. Is a virus a living thing?
Several different viruses cause influenza (the “flu”).
The influenza viruses mutate rapidly, meaning the actual virus being spread changes with each outbreak.

16. Is a virus a living thing?
Flu epidemics are caused by viruses that are genetically different enough from earlier years’ viruses that people have little immunity to them.

18. Is a virus a living thing?
Influenza viruses infect respiratory cells.
The lysis of these cells leads to some of the typical symptoms of the flu, such as sore throat and congestion.

19. Is a virus a living thing?
A poxvirus causes smallpox.
Special efforts have eradicated the smallpox disease; however samples of the smallpox virus were kept for study and are currently stored at the CDC in Atlanta.

20. Is a virus a living thing?
Smallpox starts in the cells of the lymph nodes and lungs, then moves into other internal organs and the skin.
Symptoms include severe headaches, muscle ache, and pustules on the skin.

21. OUTBREAK! Viruses (and bacteria) are causes of INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
An infectious disease is any disease caused by germs that can be spread from one person to another. Germs include viruses, bacteria and protozoa.
What are some infectious diseases caused by viruses?

22. OUTBREAK!
What are some ways that infectious diseases are transmitted from one person to another?

23. OUTBREAK!
Your teacher will give everyone a test tube filled with a clear solution. This solution represents bodily fluids.  Only one person in the class will have a cup that has been “infected” with the HIV virus.
Obviously, you should not drink from the cup. (In laboratory activities you should never drink or eat anything unless your teacher tells you that it is safe to do so.)

24. OUTBREAK!
Your teacher will give everyone a test tube filled with a clear solution. This solution represents bodily fluids.  Only one person in the class will have a cup that has been “infected” with the HIV virus.
Obviously, you should not drink from the cup. (In laboratory activities you should never drink or eat anything unless your teacher tells you that it is safe to do so.)

25. OUTBREAK Simulation: Part I
In this part of the activity, you will interact with one other student. 
To interact with another student:
Pour all of your solution into your partner’s tube.
Then have your partner pour all of the mixed solution back into your empty cup.
Finally, pour half of the mixed solution back into your partner’s empty cup.

26. OUTBREAK Simulation: Part II
Wait for the signal from your teacher, and then move to another part of the classroom and interact with a second student. After you have finished your second interaction, return to your seat.
Estimate how many people you think will be infected. ________

27. OUTBREAK Simulation: Part III (4th block only)
Wait for the signal from your teacher, and then move to another part of the classroom and interact with a third student. After you have finished your second interaction, return to your seat.
Estimate how many people you think will be infected. ________

28. Are You Infected?
Your teacher will come around and put an “infection indicator” in your test tube.
If you have exchanged solutions with the original infected person or someone else after they became infected, you are now infected and your solution will turn red/pink. 
If you have not exchanged solutions with anyone who was infected, you are clean and your solution will stay clear.

29. HIV positive? How many people were infected? ________
Can you figure out who you “caught” the virus from?

30. Discussion
Our simulation showed the way a disease could spread if the spread of disease depends on person-to-person contact. Examples of this kind of disease include pink eye, chickenpox and herpes (lip sores). Other diseases, such as colds and tuberculosis, can be spread by germs in the air.
How might the spread of these diseases differ from the spread of diseases that depend on person-to-person contact?

31. Discussion
The spread of the disease in our simulation was very rapid. Multiple people were infected within a few minutes. In real life, infections do not spread as rapidly as in this simulation.
Why is the spread of infections slower in real life?

32. Discussion
A person who becomes infected with the HIV virus is not able to get rid of the HIV virus. With highly effective modern medical treatment, a person may survive a long time with an HIV infection, but an untreated HIV-infected individual is very likely to develop AIDS and die.
Why is a person with an HIV infection unable to get rid of this infection the way a person can get rid of an infection with a cold or flu virus?

33. Virus Prevention and Treatment
Vaccines can be developed for viral diseases. A vaccine uses a dead or weakened form of the virus to “turn on” the immune response so that antibodies are produced.

34. Virus Prevention and Treatment
Active immunity to a virus is conferred by a vaccine or by exposure to the virus itself.
Passive immunity is conferred when antibodies are passed between individuals (ie. through breast milk).
Antiviral medications work by interrupting the virus’s life cycle. Antibiotics are NOT effective against viruses!

35. Vaccines Resembles disease causing agent
Made from weakened or dead microbe
Stimulates immune system and creates memory cells

36. Active immunity
Production of antibodies by an organism after an encounter
Natural- Due to infection
Artificial- Vaccination

37. Passive Immunity Acquire antibodies from another organism
Natural- pass from mother to child during placenta or breast milk
Artificial- Immune serum or antivenom

38. Viruses and Natural Selection
Viruses often mutate rapidly, meaning the actual virus being spread changes with each outbreak.

39. Viruses and Natural Selection
2.Mutations in the HIV virus make developing a treatment or vaccine difficult. Viruses that are resistant due to mutations can survive and reproduce by natural selection.
3.Flu epidemics are caused by viruses that are genetically different enough from earlier years’ viruses that people have little immunity to them.

40. Fill It In …
Identify 3 viral diseases: 1. 2. 3.

41. Check Yourself! What are the two parts of a virus?
What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses?
What is a pathogen?
What type of cell does HIV infect?
Why is there a different flu virus each year?

42. Check Yourself! What are the two parts of a virus?
CAPSID (PROTEIN COAT)
NUCLEIC ACID (DNA OR RNA)

43. Check Yourself! What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses?
LYTIC CYCLE & LYSOGENIC CYCLE

44. Check Yourself!
What is a pathogen?
DISEASE-CAUSING MICROORGANISM

45. Check Yourself!
What type of cell does HIV infect?
T-CELLS

46. Check Yourself! Why is there a different flu virus each year?
IT RAPIDLY MUTATES

47. Are all bacteria “bad”?
A. All bacteria are classified in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archeabacteria.
They are differentiated by the chemicals found in the bacterial cell wall.
They are all unicellular and prokaryotic.

48. Are all bacteria “bad”?
B. Bacteria typically reproduce through binary fission, but can also exchange DNA in a process known as conjugation.
This allows for genetic variation in a bacterial population.

50. Are all bacteria “bad”?
C. The vast majority of bacteria in our world are beneficial.
They are important decomposers and perform many other ecosystem services.
They exist in the intestines of some animals and aid digestion.
They are also important in food production.

51. Are all bacteria “bad”?
D. Some bacteria are pathogenic. One example is the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis (or TB). The disease attacks the lungs and causes coughing, chest pain, fatigue and fever – it can be fatal if not treated. This bacterium causes disease because it destroys cells. The cells are broken down by the bacteria as a source of nutrition. Other bacteria harm the host by releasing toxins such the bacterium that causes food poisoning.

52. Are all bacteria “bad”? Bacteria
E. Pathogenic bacteria can be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics kill the bacteria by destroying the cell wall. Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics can survive and reproduce by natural selection. This means that new antibiotics must continually be developed.
Bacteria

53. Fill It In …
Identify 3 ways that bacteria are beneficial: 1. 2. 3.

54. Are all bacteria “bad”?
Other bacteria harm the host by releasing toxins such as the bacterium that causes food poisoning.

55. Check Yourself! Which two kingdoms include bacteria?
How do bacteria reproduce?
Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.

56. Check Yourself!
Which two kingdoms include bacteria? EUBACTERIA & ARCHEABACTERIA
How do bacteria reproduce?
Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.

57. Check Yourself!
Which two kingdoms include bacteria? EUBACTERIA & ARCHEABACTERIA
How do bacteria reproduce? BINARY FISSION & CONJUGATION
Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.

58. Check Yourself!
Which two kingdoms include bacteria? EUBACTERIA & ARCHEABACTERIA
How do bacteria reproduce? BINARY FISSION & CONJUGATION
Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.
-DESTROY CELLS FOR FOOD
-RELEASE TOXINS

59. What is a protist?
Protista is a diverse kingdom of organisms that is divided into 3 main groups:
Algae (plant-like)
Protozoa (animal-like)
Slime molds (fungus-like)

60. What is a protist?
Algae are important aquatic producers (the base of aquatic food webs) and produce most of earth’s oxygen.
They may be unicellular or multicellular.

61. What is a protist?
Protozoa are unicellular, aquatic protists that are similar to animals.
Protozoa have adaptations that allow them to accomplish life functions:

62. What is a protist?
Adaptations for movement include a whiplike tail called a flagellum, tiny hair-like projections called cilia, or extensions of the cell membrane called pseudopodia.

63. What is a protist?
An adaptation for water balance is the contractile vacuole.
This vacuole pumps excess water out of the cell, since these aquatic organisms may take in more water than necessary by osmosis.

64. What is a protist?
An adaptation for response to stimuli is the eyespot.
This structure allows or responses to light (movement toward or away).

65. Fill It In …
Draw a simple diagram of a paramecium. Label the cilia, contractile vacuole, and eyespot.

66. What is a protist?
In protozoa, reproduction is asexual through binary fission.
Some protists may exchange DNA through conjugation.

67. What is a protist? Some protists are pathogenic.
Malaria is a disease caused by parasitic protists called plasmodia.
Malaria is transmitted by a mosquito.
Any organism which transmits/carries a disease without being affected by the disease is called a vector.
Malaria in human
Malaria in a mosquito

68. What is a protist?
The symptoms of malaria include headache, shaking, chills, and fever.
Some forms of malaria lead to comas, convulsions, or even death.

69. I. Paramecium
Transport: moves using CILIA (tiny hair like projections). CILIA can also help them grab food.
Excretion: uses its contractile vacuoles to excrete water/waste.
Respiration: uses diffusion to get oxygen (aerobic)
Nutrition: Heterotrophic (eats bacteria, algae) Engulfs food using its cilia which enter through the oral groove. The food is packed into a vacuole and enzymes break it down. Waste leaves via anal pore.
Reproduction: Sexual via conjugation OR Asexual using budding
Growth and development: none really they can “grow” by uptaking excess water/food
CAN USE CHEMOTAXIS/PHOTOTAXIS TO ORIENT IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

70. III. Euglena Transport: moves using a FLAGELLA.
III. Euglena
Transport: moves using a FLAGELLA.
Excretion: uses its contractile vacuole
Respiration: uses diffusion to get oxygen (aerobic)
Nutrition: Mainly photosynthetic (BECAUSE IT HAS EATEN ALGAE) using chloroplast but can engulf food, if needed
Reproduction: Asexual using Mitosis
Growth and development: none really they can “grow” by uptaking excess water/food
CAN USE PHOTOTAXIS TO ORIENT IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

71. II. Amoeba
Transport: moves using PSEUDOPODS which can also help them grab food.
Excretion: uses its contractile vacuoles to excrete water/waste.
Respiration: uses diffusion to get oxygen (aerobic)
Nutrition: Heterotrophic Engulfs food using its pseudopods which break fold inward to create a vacuole. Enzymes break it down. Waste leaves via diffusion.
Reproduction: Asexual using mitosis
Growth and development: none really; they can “grow” by uptaking excess water/food
CAN USE CHEMOTAXIS/PHOTOTAXIS TO ORIENT IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

72. Check Yourself! What are the 3 groups of protists?
Name 2 reasons that algae are important.
What protist causes the disease malaria?

73. Check Yourself!
What are the 3 groups of protists? ALGAE (PLANT-LIKE) PROTOZOA (ANIMAL-LIKE) SLIME MOLD (FUNGUS-LIKE)
Name 2 reasons that algae are important.
What protist causes the disease malaria?

74. Check Yourself!
What are the 3 groups of protists? ALGAE (PLANT-LIKE) PROTOZOA (ANIMAL-LIKE) SLIME MOLD (FUNGUS-LIKE)
Name 2 reasons that algae are important. BASE OF AQUATIC FOOD WEBS & PRODUCE MOST OF EARTH’S OXYGEN
What protist causes the disease malaria?

75. Check Yourself!
What are the 3 groups of protists? ALGAE (PLANT-LIKE) PROTOZOA (ANIMAL-LIKE) SLIME MOLD (FUNGUS-LIKE)
Name 2 reasons that algae are important. BASE OF AQUATIC FOOD WEBS & PRODUCE MOST OF EARTH’S OXYGEN
What protist causes the disease malaria? PLASMODIA

76. How are fungi different from plants?
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that may be unicellular or multicellular.

77. How are fungi different from plants?
Fungi are heterotrophic.
They obtain food through extracellular digestion, secreting digestive chemicals and absorbing nutrients across the cell wall.

78. How are fungi different from plants?
Fungi may reproduce asexually, such as budding in yeast or spore production in mushrooms.
Spores can also be used in sexual reproduction.

79. Fill It In …
List 2 ways that fungi can reproduce: 1. 2.

80. How are fungi different from plants?
Some fungi are pathogenic.
Candida is a yeast (fungus) that is one of the normal inhabitants of moist human epithelial tissue, such as the throat and vagina.

81. How are fungi different from plants?
Certain circumstances (such as change in pH or sudden decrease in helpful bacteria) can cause Candida to become pathogenic by growing too rapidly and releasing harmful substances.
The condition caused by this growth is called candidiasis.
Candidiasis leads to oral thrush, yeast infections, and/or kidney infections.

82. Check Yourself! How do fungi obtain food?
What reproductive structure can be used for sexual or asexual reproduction?
What is the name of the fungus that causes thrush?

83. Check Yourself! How do fungi obtain food? EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
What reproductive structure can be used for sexual or asexual reproduction?
What is the name of the fungus that causes thrush?

84. Check Yourself! How do fungi obtain food? EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
What reproductive structure can be used for sexual or asexual reproduction? SPORES
What is the name of the fungus that causes thrush?

85. Check Yourself! How do fungi obtain food? EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
What reproductive structure can be used for sexual or asexual reproduction? SPORES
What is the name of the fungus that causes thrush? CANDIDA