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In eastern Montana, within the drainage basin of the Yellowstone River, a nearly complete skeleton of a mammoth (cf. Mammuthus columbi) was recovered about 12.4 km northwest of Glendive. Multiple scales of geologic analysis, ranging from isotope measurements to petrographic descriptions of rock fragments to regional landscape studies, have been applied to the investigation of a mammoth discovered near Lindsay, Montana. The skeleton was discovered in 1966 with subsequent excavations by L.B. Davis in 1967 (Davis and Wilson, 1985) and later geologic studies of the immediate locality and region (Hill and Davis, 1998). Here we provide a summary of some of the geologic studies that have been undertaken which include sedimentological and stratigraphic studies, identification of lithic raw materials, and regional-scale geomorphic studies. The stratigraphic and geomorphic investigations related to the Lindsay mammoth provide information on local and regional paleoenvironments, the chronology of geomorphic events, as well as taphonomic processes at the mammoth locality. IntroductionStratigraphy A set of direct radiocarbon measurements of the mammoth bones, as well as correlations with other regional geomorphic and stratigraphic localities, leads to the conclusion that the mammoth is older than 12,000 years C-14 BP. Between 1973 and 2012, sixteen radiocarbon dates were obtained on materials from the mammoth bones. The youngest date is 9,490 +/- 135 years C-14 BP (I-7028) and the oldest date is 12,495 +/-88 (AA98617-1), while the measurements with the lowest standard deviations range from 12,220 +/-35 (SR-8254) to 12,300 +/-35 (SR- 8253). The buried paleosol within the stratigraphic sequence at the Lindsay locality may correlate with buried soils exposed during stratigraphic studies of Oscar T. Lewis (OTL) Ridge (see figure above), situated in the uplands south of the Yellowstone River. Radiocarbon measurements of the OTL Ridge buried soils suggest that they range in age from about 11,415-9,330 years C-14 BP (Hill, 2006). If the radiocarbon measurements on the bones that are older than 12,000 years C-14 BP provide the most reasonable age estimates, then one option is that the Lindsay mammoth is older than both the Younger Dryas (which has an age range from about 10,900-9,800 years C-14 BP), and also older than Clovis artifact assemblages (which have been proposed to range from either about 11,600-10,900 or 11,050-10,800 years C-14 BP, see figure 1). The silt and paleosol sequence associated with mammoth remains near Lindsay and the sequence at OTL Ridge in eastern Montana are similar to Oahe Formation (the Aggie Brown member associated with the “Leonard Paleosol”) as well as upland stratigraphic sequences associated with the Brady soil elsewhere in the Great Plains. The radiocarbon measurements and stratigraphic studies of the Lindsay mammoth indicate that it is associated with the deposition of windblown silts prior to 12,000 RCYBP. Radiocarbon ChronologyConclusions Although the Lindsay locality is situated in an unglaciated region of the northern Plains, glacial lakes extended into the valleys of Redwater River and the Yellowstone River. These lakes were the result of the drainages being blocked by lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Glacial ice advanced to the vicinity of Glendive, where mammoth remains dated to around 20,500 years C-14 BP have been recovered in alluvial gravels overlain by silts (Hill, 2006). Gravels at Wibaux contain tusk dated to about 26,000 years C-14 BP (Hill 2006). These data suggest that a regional-scale series of alluvial deposits may be related to events associated with the Last Glacial Maximum. Deposition of the alluvium was followed by incision which resulted in the formation of the terraces. In this scenario, the silts containing the Lindsay mammoth remains are interpreted as loess that began to accumulate in upland areas prior to 12,000 years C-14 BP. Deposition of wind-blown sediments continued throughout the late Pleistocene and early Holocene interrupted by several intervals of landscape stability perhaps correlated with the Younger Dryas and reflected by the buried soils observed within the stratigraphic sequences at the Lindsay mammoth locality and at OTL Ridge. References Davis, L. B., Wilson, M.C., 1985. The Late Pleistocene Lindsay Mammoth (24DW501), Eastern Montana. Current Research in the Pleistocene 2, 97-98. Hill, C.L., Davis, L.B., 1998. Stratigraphy, AMS Radiocarbon Age, and Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of the Lindsay Mammoth, Eastern Montana. Current Research in the Pleistocene 15, 109-111. Hill, C.L., 2006. Stratigraphic and Geochronologic Contexts of Mammoth (Mammuthus) and other Pleistocene Fauna, Upper Missouri Basin (Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountaina), USA. Quaternary International 142/143, 87-106. The mammoth locality is situated north of Lindsay, Montana, on Dawson County Road 454 at an elevation of about 853 meters (2,800 feet) above seal level (asl). The drainage of Spring Creek lies to the south, while the drainage of the South Fork of Deer Creek lies to the north. Both streams flow generally to the southeast, forming a NW-SE trending upland. The mammoth was found in an upland divide between the drainages of the South Fork of Deer Creek and Spring Creek (Deer Creek Church USGS 7.5 minute quadrangle). The Tertiary bedrock in this upland area north of the Yellowstone River is overlain by silt deposits (fine- grained clastics) containing buried paleosols. The mammoth remains were found embedded in these silts. The skeleton is disarticulated and the elements are scattered and weathered. The mammoth remains were recovered over a horizontal distance of about 17 meters. Christopher L. Hill, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho, 83725, chill2@boisestate.edu, Leslie B. Davis, Paleo-Mountain Archaeological Research, Jefferson City, Montana, 59638 Multi-Scalar Geological and Paleoenvironmental Analysis of the Lindsay Mammoth, Yellowstone Basin, Montana Google Earth image showing location of mammothfound near Lindsay, the Glendive and OTL Ridge. Inset A shows relationship between ice sheets and major glacial lakes. Inset B shows localities in relationship to ice margins and glacial Lake Circle and Lake Glendive. The Quaternary deposits are composed predominantly of silt with varying amounts of very fine sand and clay. The mammoth remains were within silts overlain by a buried soil. In some places, the sedimentary matrix enclosing the top of the mammoth bones contains higher levels of secondary pedogenic carbonates and is overlain by a buried soil A-horizon. Locally, gravels interpreted as remnants of older alluvial terraces overlie Tertiary bedrock. The deepest stratigraphic exposures were along the south side of the excavations (see figure above). The mammoth bones were recovered in silts interpreted as loess overlying the Tongue Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation. The loess deposit is typically over 1 meter thick. Eight cobble- sized quartzite rock fragments were found in association with the mammoth bones and imbedded in the silt. Spatial distribution of mammoth remains embedded in silts