1. Apartheid South Africa’s Challenge

2. 1800’s = Race for Africa 1865 Dr. Livingstone set out to Africa The Berlin Conference, 1885 By 1914 most of Africa was controlled by colonial powers

3. Independence 1910 South Africa won independence from Britain Freedom was limited to White settlers

4. 1920’s Pan-Africanism Lead by WEB Dubois Established the first Pan- African Congress that met in Paris in 1919.

5. After WWII After the war African Blacks began moving into cities and towns of Africa. Black Nationalism stirred demands for rights.

6. Afrikaner Response 1948 the Afrikaner National Party won a majority in a “whites-only” parliament They began to expand a system of racial separation Apartheid = Separation

7. Apartheid Government All South Africans were registered by race: Black, White, Colored (mixed race), and Asians Afrikaners argued: “separation would allow each race to develop it’s own culture independently.”

8. In actuality… Blacks had to carry “passbooks” Black women had to have permission to enter another “district” of town All Blacks were assigned “homelands”

9. Mixed marriages were banned Separate segregated beaches, restaurants, and schools Blacks were paid less than Whites for the same jobs Black schools received less funding

10. Resistance In 1912 the ANC was set up to protest apartheid By the 1950’s there were continually harsher regulations placed on natives by the Afrikaners During the 1960’s government violence against protesters increased 1964 the ANC was outlawed

11. World Response 1980’s the world community began laying sanctions against South Africa in opposition to apartheid 1984 Bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for his opposition to apartheid 1990 Mandela was freed from prison

12. Free at last! In 1994 Mandela was elected president of South Africa Mandela stepped down from office in 1999