2. Unit 3 Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution

3. Quote “Europe is waking out of a long, deep sleep….Time was when learning was only found in religious orders….[Now] learning has passed to secular princes.” Quote “Europe is waking out of a long, deep sleep….Time was when learning was only found in religious orders…[Now] learning has passed to secular princes.”

4. Renaissance (1300s-1600s) Rebirth of arts and learning Marked the beginning of modern history Began in Italy Focused on the contributions of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations We have experienced other renaissances

5. Timeline 500 B.C. 0 A.D. 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 Greeks developed new styles of architecture, sculpture, and painting. Romans excelled as engineers. They built roads, bridges, aqueducts, and harbors throughout the empire. The Romans greatly admired Greek culture. During the Middle Ages, democratic institutions were replaced by feudal structures. After the fall of Rome, the Roman Catholic Church grew stronger and wealthier. It became the most powerful secular, or worldly, force in medieval Europe. The Church also controlled the spiritual lives of Christians throughout Europe. A new age had dawned in Western Europe. Europeans called it the Renaissance, meaning “rebirth.” It began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. Based on the study of ancient Greek and Roman cultures, humanists focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues.

6. Daily Life MIDDLE AGES RENAISSANCE * TOWNS * TOWNS WERE WERE SMALL * CENTERS FOR LARGE * NOBLES HAD TRADE AND * MIDDLE CLASS THE POWER SHIPPING MERCHANTS HAD THE * STATUS POWER WAS DETERMINED * STATUS WAS BY BIRTHRIGHT DETERMINED BY WEALTH AND ABILITY

7. Philosophy MIDDLE AGES RENAISSANCE * SOCIETY IS EVIL * NOT ALLOWED TO QUESTION * EMPHASIZED THE STUDY OF GOD AND EARNING SALVATION * RELIGION IS STILL IMPORTANT * SOCIETY IS GOOD * QUESTIONING SPIRIT * EMPHASIZED THE STUDY OF THE HUMANITIES AND SECULAR EVENTS * INDIVIDUAL CAN IMPROVE SOCIETY

8. Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom Hundred Years’ War allowed monarchs to build huge armies and reduced powers of lords People moved to cities to earn better wages Status began to be determined by wealth and ability, not birthright Scholars and artists looked to art and writing from ancient Greek and Rome for guidance Medici family of Florence used their profits to promote scholarship and the arts Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the world Italian cities became rich and powerful Middle class organize banks

9. “The Moneylender and His Wife”

10. Main Idea: The European Renaissance, a rebirth of learning and the arts, began in Italy in the 1300s. Why it Matters Now? Renaissance ideas about classical studies, art, and literature still influence modern thought.

11. Renaissance Web

12. “Renaissance” – Center “Rebirth” – Upper Left “Italy’s Advantages” – Upper Right “Humanists” – Lower Right “Artists, Writers, and Sculptors” – Lower Left

13. Renaissance Web Renaissance

14. “Renaissance” Marked the beginning of modern history Civilizations have experienced other Renaissances

15. Renaissance Web Renaissance Rebirth Arts Literature Science Architecture

16. “Rebirth” Arts – Learned the rules of perspective (artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a 3- D effect); women’s work kept in secret Literature Science Architecture – Focused on Roman architecture

17. Renaissance Web Renaissance Centrally Located Trade Patrons Classical Rome Italy’s Advantages

18. “Italy’s Advantages” Centrally Located – This allowed for goods/ideas to be exchanged Trade – Provided financial resources for the country Patrons – Sponsors of the arts; Medici family were wealthy bankers who supported the arts Classical Rome – Italians didn’t have to go far to find out about the past

19. Renaissance Web Renaissance Humanists Secular Individuality Beauty

20. “Humanists” “Humanists” – People who tried to apply the wisdom of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations to the Renaissance Secular – worldly Individuality Beauty

21. Renaissance Web Renaissance Artists, Writers, and Sculptors Raphael Pieter Bruegel Machiavelli Sir Thomas More Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci William Shakespeare

22. “Artists, Writers, and Sculptors” Raphael – “The School of Athens” Pieter Bruegel – “Peasant Wedding” and “The Peasant Dance” Machiavelli – “The Prince”; provided a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power; “Is better to be loved than feared?”

23. “Artists, Writers, and Sculptors” Sir Thomas More – Wrote “Utopia”; Christian Humanists Michelangelo – “Sistine Chapel” and “Statue of David” Leonardo da Vinci – “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”; Renaissance Man; scientist

24. “Artists, Writers, and Sculptors” William Shakespeare – Macbeth and Hamlet; focused on themes of love, joy, beauty, and jealousy

25. Main Idea: In the 1400s, northern Europeans began to adapt the ideas of the Renaissance. Why it Matters Now? Renaissance ideas such as the importance of the individual are a strong part of modern thought.

26. Why did the Renaissance start in Italy as opposed to northern Europe? Centrally Located – Florence Hundred Years’ War between France and England ended-delayed The Black Death (bubonic plague) delayed economic growth in northern Europe Johann Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press helped spread new ideas to northern Europe and increase literacy

27. Renaissance Art Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance * Classical Mythology * Religious * Domestic interiors; portraits * Focused on worldly subjects scenes * Northern Europeans and believed education emphasized religious themes should stimulate individual and believed education should creativity lead to moral and religious reforms * Symmetrical, balanced, * Attention to surface detail, linear perspective naturalism (realism) * Fresco and oil * Oil on panel

28. Medieval Art Artists depicted subjects in an unrealistic two- dimensional style to indicate the importance of the soul over the body.

29. Renaissance Art Use of oil paints 3-D and realism were the new techniques of the Renaissance

30. Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci) World’s most famous portrait One of his favorite pictures

32. School of Athens (Raphael) Celebration of philosophy and, a celebration of the intellectual vitality of the Renaissance 3-D

33. School of Athens (Raphael) Plato and Aristotle on either side of center axis Plato points skyward to indicate his idealistic worldview Aristotle gestures to ground to show his concern with the real world

35. The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci) Each showing emotion Judas the only one not involved in the discussions All line merge to Jesus’

36. Peasant Wedding (Pieter Bruegel)

37. Peasant Dance (Pieter Bruegel)

38. Protestant Reformation What is the source of authority?

39. Causes and Effects of the Protestant and Catholic Reformation

40. Causes of the Reformation Social (Renaissance emphasis on questioning; printing press) Political (Issue of church and state) Economic (Middle class paying taxes) Religious (corruption within church; selling of indulgences)

41. Protestant (Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches) Lutherans (Martin Luther) Church of England (Henry VIII) Anglican Church (Elizabeth; daughter of Anne Boleyn) Calvinism (John Calvin) Presbyterians (John Knox) Anabaptists

42. Similarities and Differences in Catholic and Protestant Churches

43. Indulgences

44. Would you deny an idea that you know to be true?

45. Examining the Issues By silencing Galileo, the church wanted to suppress an idea. Do you think this was an effective strategy? Can an idea have a life of its own? Are there any cases in which an idea is too dangerous to be openly discussed or taught? Galileo faced persecution for teaching new ideas. Could this happen today?

46. Scientific Revolution