1. By Maram Alabdulaaly The Past Perfect & The Past Perfect Progressive By Maram Alabdulaaly1

2. How is each tense formed? FIRST When is each tense used? SECOND Outline Comparisons.. Third By Maram Alabdulaaly2

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4. SubjectVerb (past participle)Optional: the rest of the sentence Ihadcaughta fish earlier that day. Singular: (Maram, Fahad.. etc) (He, She, it) leftbefore Ann arrived. Plural: (The girls..etc). (We, you, they) hada delicious dinner. Affirmative Sentences SubjectVerb (past participle) Optional: the rest of the sentence Ihadnotcaughta fish earlier that day. Singular: (Maram, Fahad.. etc) (He, She, it) leftbefore Ann arrived. Plural: (The girls..etc). (We, you, they) hada delicious dinner. Negative Sentences By Maram Alabdulaaly4

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6. SubjectVerb (infinitive) +ingOptional: the rest of the sentence Ihadbeenwaitingfor 15 minutes when he came. Singular: (Maram, Fahad.. etc) (He, She, it) Plural: (The girls..etc). (We, you, they) Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences SubjectVerb (infinitive) +ingOptional: the rest of the sentence IhadNot been waitingfor 15 minutes when he came. Singular: (Maram, Fahad.. etc) (He, She, it) Plural: (The girls..etc). (We, you, they) By Maram Alabdulaaly6

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8. When is it used? P50 1.To express an activity that was complete before another activity or time in the past. By the time Sam got there, Ann had already left. Use: By the time. Not use: before & after. The action in the past perfect happened first. Past Future Now Ann had already leftSam got there. By Maram Alabdulaaly8

9. When is it used? P50 Common reporting verbs include: said, tell(someone), say, find out, learn, and discover. 2. Used in reported speech. Fay said she had finished her homework. I finished my homework What did she say? She said that she had finished her homework. By Maram Alabdulaaly9

10. When is it used? P50 3. Past perfect is often found in more formal writing such as fiction. The writer uses the simple past to say that an event happened, and then uses the past perfect to explain what had happened before that event. For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, that Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really impossible. By Maram Alabdulaaly10

11. When is it used? P50 3. Past perfect is often found in more formal writing such as fiction. The writer uses the simple past to say that an event happened, and then uses the past perfect to explain what had happened before that event. 2. Used in reported speech. Fay said she had finished her homework. 1.To express an activity that was complete before another activity or time in the past. By the time Sam got there, Ann had already left. By Maram Alabdulaaly11

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13. When is it used? P55 It emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past. Eric finally came at 6 O’clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty. Past Future Now How long had you been waiting? By Maram Alabdulaaly13

14. When is it used? P55 May express an activity in progress close in time to another activity or time in the past. When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming. Past Future Now She had been swimming Judy got home. By Maram Alabdulaaly14

15. When is it used? P55 I have been waiting for you. What did she say? She said that she had been waiting for you. 3. In reported speech By Maram Alabdulaaly15

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17. Past Future No w To express an activity that was complete before another activity or time in the past. By the time it started to rain, Rita had already reached her house. Two actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred. Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain. Past Future Now Past Progressive Past Perfect Rita was standing under a tree. It began to rain. Rita had reached home. It started to rain. By Maram Alabdulaaly17

18. Emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity in the past. Rita had been standing under a tree for five minutes when it began to rain. Two actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred. Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain. Past progressive Past Perfect Progressive 5 minutes Past Future Now Rita was standing under a tree. It began to rain. Past Future Now Rita had been standing under a tree. It began to rain. By Maram Alabdulaaly18