1. Steam turbines
Turbiny parowe
Michał Bieniek

2. What exactly is the turbine?
Turbine is an engine that converts energy of fluid into mechanical energy
The steam turbine is steam driven rotary engine.

3. Some historical facts
The first „turbine” was made by Hero of Alexandria in the second century
In the end of XVIII century the Industrial Revolution began (in 1770 first reciprocating piston steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen and invented by James Watt started its work)
The first steam turbines were constructed in 1883 by Dr Gustaf de Laval and in 1884 by sir Charles Parsons
In1896 Charles Curtis received a patent on impulse turbine
In 1910 was created radial turbine (Ljungström)

4. Construction of steam turbines
1 – steam pipeline
2 – inlet control valve
3 – nozzle chamber
4 – nozzle-box
5 – outlet
6 – stator
7 – blade carrier
8 – casing
9 – rotor disc
10 – rotor
11 – journal bearing
13 – thrust bearing
14 – generator rotor
15 – coupling
16 – labyrinth packing
19 – steam bleeding (extraction)
21 – bearing pedestal
22 – safety governor
23 – main oil pump
24 – centrifugal governor
25 – turning gear
29 – control stage impulse blading

5. Construction of steam turbines

6. Construction of steam turbines

7. How does the steam turbine work?
Impulse stage – whole pressure drop in nozzle (whole enthalpy drop is changed into kinetic energy in the nozzle)
Reaction stage – pressure drop both in stationary blades and in rotary blades (enthalpy drop changed into kinetic energy both in stationary blades and in the moving blades in rotor)

8. Classification of steam turbines
a) way of energy conversion
- impulse turbines
- reaction turbines

9. Classification of steam turbines
b) flow direction
- axial
- radial
c) number of stages
- single stage
- multi-stage

10. Classification of steam turbines
d) rotational speed
- regular
- low-speed
- high-speed
e) inlet steam pressure
- high pressure (p>6,5MPa)
- intermediate pressure(2,5MPa <p<6,5MPa)
- low-pressure (p<2,5MPa)

11. Classification of steam turbines
f) way of energy utilisation
- condensing
- extraction
- back-pressure

12. Classification of steam turbines
g) application
- power station
- industrial
- transport

13. Advantages of turbines
Large power achieved by relatively small size
High efficiency
Simple design
High revolution

14. Break-downs could happen…

15. … so we need experts

16. Bibliography „Die neuzeitliche Dampfturbine” E. A. Kraft
„Maszynoznawstwo” J. Kijewski, A. Miller, K. Pawlicki, T. Szolc