1. Universal Systems Model

2. Has 4 elements – Has 4 elements – Inputs Inputs Process Process Output Output Feedback Feedback

3. Inputs There are 7 types of resources that provide input: There are 7 types of resources that provide input: People People Materials – natural, synthetic, raw, industrial Materials – natural, synthetic, raw, industrial Tools and machines – measuring, layout, separating, forming, and combining Tools and machines – measuring, layout, separating, forming, and combining Energy – inexhaustible, renewable and nonrenewable (examples – heat, light, sound, chemical, nuclear, mechanical, and electrical) Energy – inexhaustible, renewable and nonrenewable (examples – heat, light, sound, chemical, nuclear, mechanical, and electrical) Time Time Capital – money, land, structures and equipment Capital – money, land, structures and equipment Information Information

4. Process It’s what happens to the inputs It’s what happens to the inputs All the activities that need to take place for the system to give the desired result All the activities that need to take place for the system to give the desired result A series of actions directed to an end A series of actions directed to an end The inputs are combined by means of management and production. The inputs are combined by means of management and production. Managing – planning, organizing, and controlling Managing – planning, organizing, and controlling Production – the actual making of the product Production – the actual making of the product

5. Process Primary process – process used to convert raw materials into industrial materials Primary process – process used to convert raw materials into industrial materials Secondary process – process used to convert industrial material into finished products Secondary process – process used to convert industrial material into finished products (VCSU, 2006) (VCSU, 2006)

6. Process Back to Tech Ed cleanup system – Back to Tech Ed cleanup system – Teacher manages the process Teacher manages the process Production takes place in that a clean room is being produced Production takes place in that a clean room is being produced If managing is poor, the output will be poor If managing is poor, the output will be poor The process includes – The process includes – All the actions performed by the people All the actions performed by the people Tools or machines Tools or machines Rest of the resources – electricity, lighting, etc. Rest of the resources – electricity, lighting, etc. (VCSU, 2006) (VCSU, 2006)

7. Outputs The resulting product of inputs and processes The resulting product of inputs and processes Everything that results Everything that results Intended outputs Intended outputs Nonintended – ex. waste (pollution) or changes in society (communicating thru e-mails) Nonintended – ex. waste (pollution) or changes in society (communicating thru e-mails)

8. Outputs Outputs can be – Outputs can be – Desirable Desirable Undesirable Undesirable Expected Expected Unexpected Unexpected The output of our cleanup system – The output of our cleanup system – Clean, safe, organized room Clean, safe, organized room Clouds of dust Clouds of dust Lost teaching time Lost teaching time Wear and tear on the equipment Wear and tear on the equipment

9. Feedback The reaction to the inputs, process, and outputs The reaction to the inputs, process, and outputs They serve to reinforce or alter the elements of the system They serve to reinforce or alter the elements of the system Cleanup example – Cleanup example – Feedback – the next class coming into the room Feedback – the next class coming into the room If they complain or trip over equipment left out, the system would have to be improved. If they complain or trip over equipment left out, the system would have to be improved. Feedback becomes an input into the system Feedback becomes an input into the system

10. Feedback Example Driver wants the car to go 30 mph Driver wants the car to go 30 mph She provides input by stepping on the gas pedal She provides input by stepping on the gas pedal The car processes the input to go 30 mph, which is the output The car processes the input to go 30 mph, which is the output Feedback is given by the speedometer – a monitor Feedback is given by the speedometer – a monitor A monitor lets us compare the actual result to the desired result A monitor lets us compare the actual result to the desired result

11. Feedback Instrumentation – helps us control the system by providing information Instrumentation – helps us control the system by providing information “Open loop” control system – human intervention is required (car example) “Open loop” control system – human intervention is required (car example) “Closed loop” control system – the computer or control device gathers the information and makes adjustments according to its programming “Closed loop” control system – the computer or control device gathers the information and makes adjustments according to its programming

12. Problem solving review Define the problem Define the problem Gather information Gather information Choose a solution Choose a solution Test your idea Test your idea Evaluate the results Evaluate the results Retry Retry

13. Compare the two Problem solving steps Define the problem Gather information Choose a solution Test the idea Evaluate the results Retry Universal systems model InputProcessOutputFeedback

14. Communication System Conference Conference Line up speaker Register Attend conference Gain knowledge Fill out evaluation Universal systems model InputProcessOutputFeedback

15. Transportation System SubwayPeople Energy & materials Moves under ground Along rails People transported Depleted energy Was it successful? Could it be faster? Universal systems model InputProcessOutputFeedback

16. Manufacturing Example 747 Cargo panel Punch machine, people paint, sheet metal, b/print Cut to length, holes punched, assembled, chemically treated, run thru paint Panel that fits in 747, waste Paychecks, improved economy Inspection, design improvements, JIT shipping, Universal systems model InputProcessOutputFeedback

17. Medical System PharmaceuticalsSymptoms, Allergies, cost Writing prescription, Filling prescription Taking the medicine Symptoms relieved Health improved, Side effects Feel better, Checkup is good Universal systems model InputProcessOutputFeedback

18. Systems The building blocks of technology! The building blocks of technology! Definition of technology again – the innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to satisfy perceived human needs and wants. Definition of technology again – the innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to satisfy perceived human needs and wants. Someone tell me why they think systems are the building blocks of technology. (Think inputs, processes, outputs, feedback) Someone tell me why they think systems are the building blocks of technology. (Think inputs, processes, outputs, feedback)

19. Systems Engineering Systems Engineering integrates all of the engineering disciplines and specialty groups into a unified, team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from: Systems Engineering integrates all of the engineering disciplines and specialty groups into a unified, team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from: concept concept to production to production to operation to operation and, in some cases, to termination and disposal and, in some cases, to termination and disposal

20. Systems Engineering Systems Engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user needs. (System Engineering, 2006) Systems Engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user needs. (System Engineering, 2006)

21. Systems Engineering The systems engineering role may have originated as the lead or project engineer who was assigned principal responsibility for orchestrating large and complex engineering programs, and as the single point of reference responsible for the entire engineering activity preferred by the United States Government on its large programs. The systems engineering role may have originated as the lead or project engineer who was assigned principal responsibility for orchestrating large and complex engineering programs, and as the single point of reference responsible for the entire engineering activity preferred by the United States Government on its large programs.

22. Systems Engineering However, systems engineering quickly became synonymous with the overarching responsibility for development of the complete end product (hardware, software, services) and enabling products (e.g., the 'systems' that produce and test the target system). This role has increasingly expanded, until the present, when it is also responsible for the interface between the complete device and the user. However, systems engineering quickly became synonymous with the overarching responsibility for development of the complete end product (hardware, software, services) and enabling products (e.g., the 'systems' that produce and test the target system). This role has increasingly expanded, until the present, when it is also responsible for the interface between the complete device and the user.

23. Systems Engineering The role of the system engineer is especially important when systems must have especially predictable and reliable behavior. For example, power plants (especially nuclear), medical machinery, and spacecraft usually consist of many individually engineered and manufactured parts, by different companies. The role of the system engineer is especially important when systems must have especially predictable and reliable behavior. For example, power plants (especially nuclear), medical machinery, and spacecraft usually consist of many individually engineered and manufactured parts, by different companies.

24. Systems Engineering System engineering provides the assurance that normal operations, including parts failures, will not provide a hazard for the user or anyone else in the community. System engineering provides the assurance that normal operations, including parts failures, will not provide a hazard for the user or anyone else in the community. The application of systems engineering processes may also result in significant cost savings, as well as providing a reasonable (up-front) assurance of the eventual success of the project. The application of systems engineering processes may also result in significant cost savings, as well as providing a reasonable (up-front) assurance of the eventual success of the project.