1. Exploration & Colonization Inspired by Mr. Millhouse, Hebron High School

2. I. Motives for European Exploration Desire to gain direct access to Asian luxuries  Collapse of Mongols increased price of goods  Avoid dealing with Muslim merchants Gain lands suitable for growing cash crops  Portugal had poor quality soil  Started by colonizing the Azores, the Madeiras, & the Canaries Spread Christianity

3. II. Technology of Exploration From China  Stern Rudder  Magnetic Compass From Islam  Lateen Sail  the Astrolabe Proper Maps Cannons Printing Press Caravels

4. III. Notable Explorers Portugal  Prince Henry the Navigator  Bartolomeu Dias  Vasco da Gama Spain  Christopher Columbus  Ferdinand Magellan England  Captain James Cook

5. Major Expeditions

6. IV. Treaty of Tordesillas ( 1494) Pope mediated treaty – division East of line = Portugal; West of line = Spain

7. V. Colonization of North America Backwater Colonies  North America = moderate interest to Europe France surrendered New France to the British after their defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

8. VI. British North America Salutary Neglect Resources: few profitable  Fur and timber  Southern cotton & tobacco plantations Copy European social structure Low mortality rate  Average life expectancy = 70 years

9. VII. World Economy The core nations = GB, F, NL established more durable economic dominance  expanded manufacturing operations to meet new market conditions

10. VIII. Mercantilism concurrent w/ Capitalism Objectives of Mercantilism:  Protect mother country – Zero-sum game  Colonies important as source of raw materials and outlet for trade  Rule of thumb: self-sufficiency and exclusivity protected home markets and supported exports tariff policies discouraged competitions from the colonies and foreign rivals. Capitalism:  Private ownership of the means of production  Private control over decisions on prices, production, distribution of goods  Exchanges takes place in a free competitive market of supply and demand

11. IX. Success of Atlantic Economy Banks Joint-stock companies - and insurance Chartered Companies  Companies essentially run the countries they traded from.  Examples: Dutch East and West Indies Company British East Company

12. Spanish Empire

13. I. Columbian Exchange Contact between the new & the old world resulted in an ‘exchange’ of physical elements The exchange was both positive & negative in its effect

14. The old world diseases killed in large numbers  especially Smallpox, typhus, measles, influenza Europeans believed it was God will when Indians died  the natives = heathen => illness = punishment. The rapid decline of the Amerindian pop => new forms of labor = Slavery!!  African slaves less vulnerable to European diseases due to exposure to livestock in Africa

16. Transfer of Plants and Animals Exchange = uneven  few staples from Europe; many staples to Euroasia & Africa. => the greatest population increase in history.  Population doubled between 1550-1850. Americas offered an abundance of plants.  Maize, potatoes, beans revolutionized agriculture & diet. From Europe: cows, pigs, horses, and sheep’s multiplied rapidly (few predators)

17. II. Conquest of New Spain 1521 Mexico (Aztecs) Hernan Cortes 1532 Peru (Inca) Francisco Pizarro 1531 Chile ( Pedro de Valdivia) Why?  God, gold, and glory How?  Guns, germs, and steel

18. III. Government of New Spain - Organization New Spain controlled by bureaucracy  Council of Indies  The Viceroys (Mexico City & Lima) Extending of Spanish Crown  Ten Audiencias Make and enforce Spanish law

19. IV. Social Stratification - Sociedad de Castas Born in Spain – political elite Whites born in Americas to European parents – became the elite Individuals of mixed Amerindian women and European Men. Individuals of mixed European and African descent Mestizo dominated urban artisan trades and small- scale agriculture and ranching.

20. V. Catholic Church Missionaries  conversion of the Indians Bartolomé de Las Casas – defender of Amerindians  New Laws of 1542 –outlawed enslavement Constructed baroque cathedrals Religious schools and universities Poetry  Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695)

21. VI. Economy of New Spain Forced labor  Encomiendas – ES controlled indians: taxes, labor & Rel  Repartimiento – (mostly Mexico)  Mita (Peru)  Wage laborers Agriculture  Haciendas – indentured servants  Plantations – imp millions of African Slaves photo : Peru, Hacienda San Jose http://www.colonial-estates.pvoss.de/historic-colonial-haciendas-Ecuador-Chile-Argentina.htm

22. Mining  Silver the “Heart of the Empire” – exp 80 % of world’s silver  Potosi Silver mine – lgest in world  Gold – exp 70% Merchant profits went to other countries b/c ES not  Invest  Build infrastructure  No ships  No banks Bankruptcy

23. VI. 18 th Century Imperial Reforms Attempt to strengthen ties to colonies  Reduce power of church: expelled Jesuits  New taxes + monopolies => wealth transferred to Spain  Provoked Amerindian Uprising: Tupac Amaru (1780)

24. Portuguese Empire

25. I. Portuguese Brazil Reached by accident – 1500 Portugal’s most important colony by 1700 Portuguese nobles given land to colonize and develop 1549 - Govt established a bureaucratic structure with a royal governor  Capital = Salvador  Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal  Brazil never had university or printing presses Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity

26. Portuguese Brazil Brazil dominated world sugar production in the 17 th century  150 sugar plantations in 1600; 300 by 1630  By 1700, 150,000 slaves worked on plantations 50% of population were slaves  Brazil’s dominance of sugar trade declined in 18 th century Competition from French, English, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean Price of slaves increased; price of sugar declined

27. II. Brazil’s Age of Gold 1695: Gold discovered by Paulistas in Minas Gerais  Started a massive gold rush  Mine gold = using slaves 150,000 slaves by 1775  Export 3 tons of gold a year from 1735-1760 Impact of gold  Ranching and farming were expanded  Capital moved South to Rio de Janeiro  No native industries were developed in Brazil

28. III. Portuguese Colonization in Asia Portuguese use violence to enter Asian trade markets  Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute Conquered “choke points”  Goa, Malacca, etc Control did not last long  Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large  Dutch and English rivals