2. Dr.Gh.Hezareh Advisory Committee for Hospital Pharmacy

3. “Some problems are so complex that you have to be highly intelligent and well informed just to be undecided about them.” Dr. Laurence J. Peter 1919-1990

4.  Enteral  Parenteral  Contamination o Chemistry, PH, Sterility, Pyrogenisity, Potency, Appearance, Particular Matter  Sterility  Compounded Sterile Preparations (CSP)

5. 1. Intended Use o Product quality (“5 Rights”) Right Patient, Right Medication, Right Dose, Right Time and Right Route 2. “Protect the product” o Sterility of compounded sterile preparation (CSP) through various methods 3. “Protect the worker”

6. Preventing harm due to: 1. Microbial contamination 2. Excessive bacterial endotoxins 3. variability in the intended strength 4. Unintended chemical and physical contaminants 5. ingredients of inappropriate quality in compounded CSPs

7.  Workers (the most common) o Contact o Skin, hair  Air o Air conditioning  Adjacent areas  Internal production o Walls, ceiling, floor, instruments

8.  Infection  Air Emboli  Allergy  Incompatibility  Particulate matters  Pyrogens

9.  Unable to eat or drink  Lake of absorption  Emergency  Lake of appropriate non-parenteral form

10.  Billions of compounded doses prepared annularly by pharmacists and other clinicians  More than 40% of inpatients receive CSPs  CSPs prepared under controlled conditions (pharmacists) and uncontrolled conditions (on the ward) by nurses and physicians  61% nurses malpractice

15.  Primary Engineering Controls (PEC)  Secondary Engineering Controls (SEC)  Filtration  Air Flow  Exhaust  Air Pressurization  Containment

16. Laminar Air Flow Workbench Barrier Isolator Biologic Safety Cabinet (BSC)