1. Forced Labour Exploitation and Counter Trafficking Conference Ciaran Morrisey CBSS TF-THB Project Officer 7 June 2011 Oslo, Norway

2. 2 Project Objective To prevent trafficking in human beings for forced labour, to identify, assist and protect victims and to provide a firm basis for policy development through improved data collection and training of key labour actors.

3. 3 Pre-Conference Questionnaire Crude ‘study’ to assess … What indicators of labour exploitation and/or trafficking you have encountered through your profession? In which sectors are those indicators most frequently uncovered? What the demographics of the victims? Whether you have the mandate to work against labour exploitation and/or trafficking?

4. Overall a high number of encounters with persons demonstrating the characteristics commonly associated with forced labour exploitation and mechanisms of control Seven of the 18 characteristics had been encountered by over 70% of respondents 4 Indicators (1)

5. 5 Indicators (2) Most frequently observed characteristics: 1.Very low payment or no payment at all 2.Working illegally long hours 3.Working without knowledge of labour rights or right to join a trade union 4.Working without a contract, work permit or with false documents 5.Living close to, or at, the place of work 6.Being indebted to the employer or middleman (debt bondage) 7.Working in conditions other than those advertised

6. 6 Indicators (3) Less frequently observed characteristics: 1.Signs of abuse 2.Dependency on the employer 3.Restricted freedoms or being subject to surveillance

7. 7 Indicators (3) Less frequently observed characteristics: 1.Signs of abuse 2.Dependency on the employer 3.Restricted freedoms or being subject to surveillance Even these less frequently observed characteristics had been encountered by over half of the respondents Are these indicators forced labour exploitation or human trafficking? Does it make a difference if a person has one of the indicators or displays a combination of them?

8. Job sectors 8

9. Affects both men and women: Mainly adults: 9 Demographics (1)

10. The Baltic Sea Region comprises of countries of destination for persons that have sought work abroad and have been subjected to characteristics commonly associated with forced labour exploitation 10 Demographics (2)

11. 11 Demographics (3)

12. Demographics (4) 12

13. Demographics (5) 13

14. Demographics (6) 14

15. 15 Demographics (7)

16. 16 Who has the capacity to… …prevent forced labour exploitation and trafficking and to identify, assist and protect the victims? Trade Unions, Labour Inspectorates, Police and Border Guards, Tax and Customs Agencies, Employers’ Associations, Employment Agencies, Specialist Service Providers… 79% of respondents answered “Yes” to having a mandate to work against labour exploitation Of those that answered “Yes”, 81% also have a mandate to work against trafficking in human beings

17. 17 Questions Are the characteristics you’ve encountered indications of forced labour exploitation or human trafficking? Do you work in a country of origin, transit or destination? Where do most of the victims you have encountered originate from? Is there a pattern of certain demographics being exploited in specific sectors? Is the exploitation of national persons – internal trafficking? Who are the perpetrators of the exploitation or the traffickers? What is being done to prevent forced labour exploitation and to identify, assist and protect the victims?

18. Thank you Ciaran Morrisey CBSS TF-THB Project Officerwww.cbss.org/tfthbwww.cbss.org/tfthb ciaran.morrisey@cbss.orgciaran.morrisey@cbss.org+46 8 440 1925