1. Introduction to Automobile
The Layout
-by Atul Katti

2. Components of an Automobile
The basic structure
The power unit
The transmission system
The auxiliaries
The controls
The superstructure

3. The Basic Structure (Chassis)
This is the unit on which the other units are mounted.
It consists of:-
Frame
The Suspension system
Axles
Wheels
Tyres

4. 1. Frame
There consists of two distinct forms construction in common use:
The conventional pressed steel frame to which all units are mounted
The integral or frameless construction, in which the body structure is so designed so as to combine the functions of body and frame.

5. Frameless - Advantages
Reduced weight and consequent saving in fuel consumption
Lower manufacturing costs
Safety to passengers
Increased stability of the automobile

6. Disadvantages Reduction in strength and durability
Economical only if it is adopted in mass production
Increased cost or repairs
Convertible cars are difficult to design in frameless construction

7. 2. Suspension System The objects of the suspension are:
To prevent the road shocks from being transmitted to the vehicle components
To safeguard the occupants from road shocks
To preserve the stability of the vehicle while in motion

8. Suspension system
Leaf Springs

9. Suspension system There are two distinct types of suspension systems:
The conventional system, in which the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle.
The independent system, in which there is no rigid axle beam and each wheel is free to move vertically

10. Suspension system

11. 3. Axles
It is the wait carrying members, may be on the rear or front, are beams supported at ends.
Axles are subjects to different kin of loads:
Vertical load due to self weight
A fore and aft load due to driving and braking
Torque reactions due to drive and brake
Side thrust due to centrifugal force during conference

12. Axles There are three different types live rear axles
Fully floating type
Three quarter floating type
Semi-floating type

13. 4. Wheels
Different types of wheels have been used in automobiles over generations according to the requirement
Wire-spoked wheels
Pressed steel wheels
Light alloy wheels

14. The Power Plant (Engine)
The engine provides the power to move the vehicle
It generally consists of an IC engine, either SI or CI
Gas turbines also have been used in vehicles
Now, electric batteries for propelling the vehicle

15. The Transmission System
The transmission system consists of a
Clutch,
Gear box,
Propeller shaft, and
Differential

16. Layout of the transmission system

17. The Transmission System
The functions of a transmission system are:
To disconnect the engine from road wheel when desired
To connect the engine to the driving wheels without shock
To vary the leverage between the engine and the driving wheels

18. The Transmission System
To reduce the engine speed permanently in a fixed ratio
To turn the drive through a right angle
To make provision for the flexing of the road springs

19. The Transmission System
The various components which perform the above mentioned functions are:
Clutch:- To disengage the system from the engine and to engage without shock to road wheels
Gear box:- Provides the necessary leverage variation between the engine and road wheels

20. The Transmission System
Bevel pinion and crown wheels:- They turn the drive round through 90° and also provide permanent reduction in speed
Universal joints:- Provide for the relative movement between the engine and the driving wheels due to flexing of road springs.
Differential:- Helps to attain different speeds at different wheels while taking a turn

21. Different types of arrangements
The different types of the arrangement of transmission could be
Front engine and front wheel drive
Rear engine and rear wheel drive
Front engine and four wheel drive

22. Front engine FWD
The power is transmitted to front axles, from the front engine (Front Wheel Drive)
A few advantages are:
The propeller shaft is eliminated. This permits low chassis height
The pulls the car than pushing it, avoiding skidding tendency.
Better road adhesion.

23. FWD

24. Layout of FWD

25. FWD A few disadvantages are:
The whole arrangement over front wheels is complicated.
Constant velocity joints have to be used instead of universal joints
Decrease of tractive forces when the vehicle is up the grade.

26. Rear engine RWD
The engine is placed at the rear and the rear wheels are the driven wheels
Advantages are:
Better tractive forces up the grade
Front axle construction is simplified
Absence of propeller shaft allows decrease in chassis height

27. RWD The disadvantages are: May lose balance at high speeds.
Complicated linkage is required between the engine, clutch and gearbox.
Rear position of engine, cooling effect is reduced.

28. Front engine four wheel drive
Vehicles which operate on rough roads and unexpected road profiles, all the four wheels are the driving wheels
It has got an extra transfer box, which divides the torque between front and rear wheels.
Also there is a provision for disengaging the front wheels when not required.

29. 4WD

30. 4WD
Transfer Box in 4WD

31. 4WD
The main advantage of the 4WD is that when any wheels fall into a ditch or a hole, they can be driven out with the help of other wheels or power being delivered to the same wheel
But this advantage can only at the cost of extra fuel consumption.

32. Classification
Automobiles can be classified in different in ways according to:-
Use
Mopeds
Motor cycles, scooters
Cars, jeeps
Buses and trucks

33. Classifications Capacity Make and model Heavy transport
Light weight transport
Make and model
Honda, Bajaj, TVS, etc.
Maruti Suzuki, Tata, Mahindra etc.
BMW, Audi, Ford, Mitsubishi etc.

34. Classifications Fuel Used Body style Petrol vehicles Diesel vehicles
Closed cars e.g., sedan, coupe etc.
Open cars e.g., convertible
Special styles e.g., estate cars, station wagons etc.

35. Classifications Transmission Manual Semi-automatic Fully-automatic
Continuously variable transmission
Automated manual

36. Car Body Styles Closed cars:
Sedan – has two or four doors, single compartment with two rows of seats.
Hatchback – A sedan with a door at the back
Coupe – only one row of seats for two persons. Only two doors are provided.

37. Different Closed Cars
Honda Sedan

38. Different Closed Cars
Suzuki SX4

39. Different Closed Cars
Ford Fiesta 5 door hatchback

40. Different Closed Cars
Honda Civic Hatchback

41. Different Closed Cars
Honda Genesis Coupe

42. Different Closed Cars
Honda Accord Coupe

43. Different Closed Cars
BMW X Coupe

44. Car Body Styles Open cars
Sports – Has two doors or less, provided with a collapsible hood, a fold-flat windscreen and removable side-screen.
Convertible – Roof in this is of folding type. So the car roof can be closed or opened.

45. Different Open Cars
Peugeot 9009 Sports Car

46. Different Open Cars
Dodge Viper Sports Car

47. Different Open Cars
Audi Sports Car

48. Different Open Cars
Ford Mustang Convertible

49. Different Open Cars
BMW M3 Convertible

50. Different Open Cars
BMW M6 Convertible

51. Different Open Cars
Chevrolet Camaro Convertible

52. Car Body Styles Special styles
Estate car – A sedan with the passenger roof extended up to rear end. Rear seats are usually collapsible for loading.
Station wagon – Rear doors and four or five person seating capacity.

53. Special Style Cars
Mercedes AMG Estate

54. Special Style Cars
Audi RS 6 Estate Car

55. Special Style Cars
Renault Clio Estate

56. Special Style Cars
Ford Mustang Station Wagon

57. Special Style Cars
Station Wagon

58. Special Style Cars
Station Wagon

59. Thank You