1. Chapter 2 Alkanes

2. 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons

3. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic

4. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes AlkynesAlkynes AlkenesAlkenes

5. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. C C H H H HHH

6. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkenesAlkenes Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. C C H H HH

7. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkynesAlkynes Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon triple bond. HCCH

8. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromatic The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. H H H HHH

9. 2.2 Reactive Sites in Hydrocarbons

10. a structural unit in a molecule responsible for its characteristic behavior under a particular set of reaction conditions Functional Group

11. functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group R—H R—X Alkanes

12. functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group R—H R—X + Cl 2 C C H H H HHH + HCl C C H Cl H HHH Alkanes

13. alkanesRH alkenesdouble bond alkynestriple bond arenesArH Functional Groups in Hydrocarbons

14. 2.3 The Key Functional Groups

15. AlcoholsROH Alkyl halidesRX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Aminesprimary amine: RNH 2 secondary amine: R 2 NH secondary amine: R 2 NH tertiary amine: R 3 N tertiary amine: R 3 N Families of organic compounds and their functional groups

16. EthersROR' NitrilesRC NitroalkanesRNO 2 ThiolsRSH Epoxides C C O N Families of organic compounds and their functional groups

17. O C Carbonyl group O C Acyl group R Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

18. O C Carbonyl group O C Aldehyde R H Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

19. O C Carbonyl group O C Ketone R R' Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

20. O C Carbonyl group O C Carboxylic acid R OH Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

21. O C Carbonyl group O C Ester R OR' Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

22. O C Carbonyl group O C Amide R NH 2 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

23. C n H 2n+2 2.4 Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, Ethane, and Propane

24. Methane (CH 4 ) CH 4 Ethane (C 2 H 6 )CH 3 CH 3 Propane (C 3 H 8 )CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 bp -160°C bp -89°C bp -42°C The Simplest Alkanes

25. C 4 H 10 2.5 Isomeric Alkanes: The Butanes

26. n-ButaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isobutane(CH 3 ) 3 CH bp -0.4°C bp -10.2°C

27. 2.6 Higher n-Alkanes

28. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-Pentane n-Hexane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-Heptane

29. 2.7 The C 5 H 12 Isomers

30. n-Pentane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isopentane (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 Neopentane (CH 3 ) 4 C C 5 H 12

31. How many isomers? The number of isomeric alkanes increases as the number of carbons increase. There is no simple way to predict how many isomers there are for a particular molecular formula.

32. Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH 4 1 C 2 H 6 1 C 3 H 8 1 C 4 H 10 2 C 5 H 12 3 C 6 H 14 5 C 7 H 16 9

33. Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH 4 1 C 8 H 18 18 C 2 H 6 1 C 9 H 20 35 C 3 H 8 1 C 10 H 22 75 C 4 H 10 2 C 15 H 32 4,347 C 5 H 12 3 C 20 H 42 366,319 C 6 H 14 5 C 40 H 82 62,491,178,805,831 C 7 H 16 9