1. MACROSCOPY and MICROSCOPY of PLANT PARTSBy
Dr. M. RAMAIAH,
M. Pharm., Ph.D., IPDRA, DICT(USA)
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmacognosy&Phytochemistry
Hindu College of Pharmacy,
Guntur, A.P. India

2. Objective:
A Tool for
Standardization of
Herbal Drugs

3. Occurrence of drug in the market:
Entire:
2-Leave:
1-Seed:
4-Fruit:
5-Underground :
3-Flower:

4. Occurrence of drug in the market:
B) Cut or sliced:
Cinnamon (bark)
Squill (bulb)
C) Powder:
D) Exudate:
(unorganized)
E) Galenical preparation:
Extraction 2)Tincture 3)Infusion

5. Occurrence of drug in the market:
Cut or Sliced:
1-Cinnamon:
2-Squill:
Exudate:
1-Opium:

6. The Leaf

7. What is the leaf?
It is the flat, thin, green and lateral out growth of the stem.
Axial: angle b/t leaf and stem.

8. Complete leaf is composed of:
Lamina
Petiole
base
Types of leaf either:
Petiolate Sessile

9. Diagram of entire leaf:

15. Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf

16. Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf :
Spongy cell
endoderm vascular bundles contains:
xylem [3] & phloem [4] .
5) pericyclic fiber (may present or not).
6) Cortical tissue:
* we use Chloralhydrate + phloroglycinol +conc. HCL why?

17. dicot leaf with midrib(100x)

18. Diagram of a leaf section.

19. Transverse section of a leaf

20. Types of Palisade:
Continuous palisade:
Interrupted palisade:

21. Isobilateral:
Dorsiventral: or

22. The stem

23. What is the stem ?
It`s a part of plant w`carry the leaf at a point called node.

24. Types of the stem: Shapes of the stem: 1- Aerial stem
2- Subterranean stem.
Shapes of the stem:
1- Cylindrical
2- angular (triangular,quadrangular & penta- gonal).

25. Kinds of the stem: Direction of growth: 1- Herbaceous stem.
2- succulent stem
3- woody stem
Direction of growth:
1- Ascending
2- Recycling
3- procumbent
4- Decumbent
5- Repent

26. Diagram of a section of the young stem of a dicotyledon

28. Microscopy of a stem-dicot

29. Transverse section of a sunflower stem-
a dicotyledon

30. The Bark

31. What is the bark?
The portion of the trunk, stem, branches or roots of woody plant especially trees or shrubs, exterior to the cambium.

32. Shapes of the bark: Flat e.g.Quillaia Curved bark e.g.wild cherry
Recurved e.g.pomegrante, kurchi
Channeled e.g. Cassia, asoka
5) Single quill e.g.Cascara
6) Double quill e.g. Frangula
7) Compound quill e.g. Cinnamon

33. T.s. of a bark 1- Rhytidoma (1a-cuticle 1b-epidermis) 2-Cork
3-Cork Cambium
4-phelloderm
5-cortex
6-Pericycle

34. The Flower

35. What is Flower??
Modified shoot meant for production of seeds

36. Complete flower composed of:
Receptacle
(Enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts)
2) Calyx (outer most layer, green in colour)
3) Corolla (secondary layer)
4) Androecium (male part contains stamens)
5) Gynaecium (female part contains carpel)

37. What is Fruit??
Fruit consists of the fertilized and mature ovules, called seeds, and the ovary wall
 Some fruits have seeds enclosed within the ovary (apples, peaches, oranges, squash, cucumbers).
Others have seeds that are situated on the periphery of fruit tissue (corn, strawberry).

39. Types of Fruits 1.Simple fruits, 2.Aggregate fruits or
3.Multiple fruits

40. Simple fruits are those which develop from a single ovary
Simple fruits are those which develop from a single ovary. These include cherries and peaches (drupe), pears and apples (pome), and tomatoes (berries).
Aggregate fruits, such as raspberries come from a single flower which has many ovaries like Strawberry and blackberry
Multiple fruits are derived from a tight cluster of separate, independent flowers borne on a single structure
Example: Pineapple.

42. What is Seed? The seed, or matured ovule is made up of three parts.
The embryo.
Most seeds contain a built-in food supply called the endosperm The endosperm can be made up of proteins, carbohydrates or fats.
The third part a hard outer covering called a 
seed coat. It protects the seed from disease and insects, and prevents water from entering the seed which would initiate the germination process before the proper time.

44. What is Root?
It is essential for their growth, flowering, and fruiting
Types of Roots
A primary (radicle) root originates at the lower end of the embryo of a seedling plant. 
A lateral, or secondary root is a side or branch root which arises from another root.
A fibrous root system is one in which the primary root ceases to elongate, leading to the development of numerous lateral roots

45. Diagram of a root section

46. Microscopy of a Root -dicot

48. Plant tissues

50. Sclerenchyma Cells

51. parenchyma cells

52. cortical fibers, slcereids, and plasmodesmata (1000x)

53. Detail of the central vascular cylinder
Detail of the central vascular cylinder. Note the endodermis, the pericycle tissue, the xylem and the phloem.

54. epidermis and palisade mesophyll (1000x)

55. fibers and vessel members-macerated wood (100x)

56. glandular trichome of leaf (1000x)

57. Stomata and epidermal cells of a leaf

58. midrib tissue closeup (1000x)

59. midrib vascular and supportive tissues (400x)

60. palisade and spongy mesophyll with veins (400x)

61. Phloem

62. xylem

63. vascular cambium, phloem and xylem

64. Thank you