1. Alkaloids and Quercetin By Dr. Gobinath Pandian

2.  Alkaloids  Alkaloids are a group of nitrogen-containing bases. Most of them are drugs. Only a few (like caffeine) are derived from purines or pyrimidines, while the large majority is produced from amino acids.  Ornithine derivatives: Ornithine is a precursor of the cyclic pyrrolidines that occur in the alkaloids of tobacco (nicotine, nornicotine) and other Solanaceae. Nicotine is a starting compound of numerous further tobacco alkaloids. During the biosynthesis of tropane, intermediates are produced that are at the same time starting compounds for cocaine and hyoscamine.nicotinecocaine

3.  A cyclic organic compound that contains nitrogen in a negative oxidation state and is of limited distribution among living organisms. Over 10,000 alkaloids of many different structural types are known;oxidation state  And no other class of natural products possesses such an enormous variety of structures. Therefore, alkaloids are difficult to differentiate from other types of organic nitrogen-containing compounds.

4. Types of Alkaloids  Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids  Tropane and Nicotine Alkaloids  Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids  Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids.

5. Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids  The monoterpenoid indole alkaloid pharmaceuticals that are still commercially isolated from plant material are the antimalarial drug quinine from Curcuma officinalis, the antineoplastic drug camptothecin from C. acuminata, the rat poison and homeopathic drug strychnine from Strychnos nuxvomica, and the antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents vincristine and vinblastine from Catharanthus meus. Tropane and Nicotine Alkaloids  The tropane class of alkaloids, which are found mainly in the Solanaceae, contains the anticholinergic drugs hyoscyamine (the racemate of which is called atropine) and scopolamine. Solanaceous plants have been used traditionally for their medicinal, hallucinogenic, and poisonous properties, which are due to their tropane alkaloids. The narcotic topical anesthetic and central nervous system stimulant cocaine is a tropane alkaloid found outside of the Solanaceae in Erythmxylon coca. It is a useful medicinal in small, controlled doses is potentially lethal when abused.

6. Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids  The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are avery large and diverse class of alkaloids. This family contains such varied physiologically active members as emetine (an antiamoebic), colchicine (a microtubule disrupter and gout suppressant), berberine (an antimicrobial against eye and intestinal infections), morphine (a narcotic analgesic), codeine (a narcotic analgesic and antitussive), and sanguinarine (an antimicrobial used in oral hygeine). Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids  The bisbenzylisoquinoline class of alkaloids contains over 270 members, all of which are dimers of tetra hydrobenzylisoquinolines connected by one to three ether linkages formed by phenol coupling.

7. FUNCTIONS  Digestive problem  Cardiovascular, Antiseptic, Anti-inflammatory.  Facial cream and Pain reliver  Anti microbial activity  In modern medicine, tubocurarine chloride is used as a neuromuscular blocking agent to secure muscular relaxation in surgical operations.  Extracts of bloodroot that are rich in the intensely red benzophenanthridine alkaloid sanguinarine are currently added to toothpastes and oral rinses.

8. Quercetin In studies, quercetin is found to be the most active of the flavonoids, and many medicinal plants owe much of their activity to their high quercetin content. Quercetin and its sugar-bound, or glucosylated, forms represent 60-75% of flavonoid intake (Bouktaib et al. 2002). Quercetins may reduce inflammation associated with allergies, inhibit the growth of head and neck cancers, and protect the lungs from the harmful effects of pollutants and cigarette smoke.

9. Apples, pears, cherries, grapes, onions, broccoli, leaf lettuce, garlic, green tea, and red wine contain high amount of quercetins. Where Quercetin is Found

10. What are Quercetin glycosides? Many flavonoids are bound to sugars in their natural state, the O-glycoside form, where glycosylation can occur at any hydroxyl group to yield a sugar. The most common quercetin glycosides have a sugar group at the 3-poistion, such as quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside It is these glycosylated structures that are most common in nature, not the aglycone, or parent compound. Quercetin concentration is highest in peel of Onion & apples not in flesh

11. The Health benefits of Quercetin Quercetin has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity because of direct inhibition of several initial processes of inflammation. Quercetin can also reduce inflammation by scavenging free radicals The anti-inflammatory action of quercetin is caused by the inhibition of enzymes, such as lipoxygenase, and the inhibition of inflammatory mediators. Studies have shown an improved lung function and lower risk of certain respiratory diseases (asthma and bronchitis) for people with high apple (rich in quercetin) intake Quercetin mediates preferential degradation of oncogenic Ras and causes autophagy in Ha-RAS-transformed human colon cells

12. The Onion: A Quercetin source Onions (Allium cepa) belong to the lily family, the same family as garlic. There are over 600 species of Allium, distributed all over Europe, North America, Northern Africa and Asia. Onion and other Allium vegetables are characterized by their rich content of thiosulfinates, sulfides, sulfoxides, and other odoriferous sulfur compounds. The cysteine sulfoxides are primarily responsible for the onion flavor and produce the eye-irritating compounds that induce lacrimation.

13. Nutritive Values of Onions : Per 100 gm.

14. Onions are a rich source of flavonoids, substances known to provide protection against cardiovascular disease. Onions are also natural anticlotting agents since they possess substances with fibrinolytic activity and can suppress platelet-clumping. Studies in Greece have shown a high consumption of onions, garlic and other allium herbs to be protective against stomach cancer. Onion contain chemical compounds such as Quercetin which believed to have anti-inflammatory, anticholesterol, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. anti-inflammatoryantioxidant Onions may be especially beneficial for women, who are at increased risk for osteoporosis by destroying osteoclasts so that they do not break down bone. The Health benefits of Onion

15. 1. Asthma 2. Influenza 3. Colds 4. Tuberculosis 5. Insomnia 6. Pneumonia 7. Antiallergy 8. Obesity 9. Reduce inflammation 10. Slightly laxative 11. High Blood Pressure 12. Lowers cholesterol 13. Fight against Cancer 14. Helps destroy worms and other parasites. 15. Diabetes mellitus - lowers blood sugar. 16. Valuable for the hair, nails of the fingers and toes, and for the eyes. Onion is benenificial in the following diseases

16. “an apple a day will keep the doctor away” The Apple: A Quercetin source

17. Apples contain a variety of phytochemicals, including quercetin, catechin, and chlorogenic acid, all of which are strong antioxidant. linked the consumption of apples with reduced risk of some cancers, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and diabetes have very strong antioxidant activity, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation, and lower cholesterol. Facts about apple fruit

18. Antioxidants Aging Wrinkles Hair Growth Cholera Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Bladder Cancer Lung Cancer Prostate Heart Disease Health benefits of Apple eating

19.  Assignments:  Mark -10 Role numbers: 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36. Volatiles oils and compounds Role Numbers: 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37. Transgenic Techniques

20. Role numbers: 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38. Cancer and Epigenetic Role Numbers: 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34. Cardio Vascular Diseases Role Numbers: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35. Vegetable Oils and compounds

21. Thank You Mid Term Exam: 20 th October 10.30am to 12.00 noon. Assignment Submission Date: November 17 th Happy Choo-seok