1. “Comma” 14 правил запятой в английском языке Князькова И.В. МАОУ гимназия №26 г.Челябинск

2. 1Comma with Numbers  Use commas to separate off the thousands and millions in compound numbers. Example: 3,460,759  !Don’t use commas in decimals. Example: $3.49

3. 2 Use a comma before the year if the date is given as follows: month, day, year. Example: April 16, 2003 !Don’t use a comma if only two elements of the date are given (e.g. month and year). Example: I was born in May 1972.

4. 3 Comma with Geographic Places  Use a comma to separate parts of geographic places. The final comma is optional. Example: Hollywood, Ireland(,) is not as famous as Hollywood, California.  Use a comma to separate parts of an address in a sentence. Example: His address is 46 Baker Street, London, NW2 2LK, Great Britain.

5. 4 Comma with “please”  Use a comma if “please” is at the end of a reque st Example: Send me a mail, please.  ! Don’t use a comma if “please” is at the beginning of a request. Example: Please send me a mail.

6. 5 Comma with Affirmatives, Negatives and Question Tags  Use a comma after “yes” and “no”. Example: Yes, I can help you.  Use a comma before question tags. Example: You are Scottish, aren’t you?

7. 6 Comma with Adjectives  Use a comma if the adjectives are equally important and give similar kinds of information. Example: It was a cold, windy morning.  !Don’t use a comma if the adjectives are not equally important or give different kinds of information. Example: He was a clever young man.

8. 7 Comma with Adverbs  Use a comma after certain adverbs: however, in fact, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, still, instead, too (meaning 'also'). Example: Therefore, he didn't say a word.  !If these adverbs appear in the middle of a sentence, they are enclosed in commas. Example: The thief, however, was very clever.  The comma is optional (не обязательна) for the following adverbs: then, so, yet. Example: So, she entered the house. So she entered the house.

9. 8 Commas with Enumerations (перечисления)  Use a comma to separate items in an enumeration. Example: Old McDonald had a pig, a dog, a cow, a horse.  The comma before “ and ” is optional. (Choose the option you like) Example: Old McDonald had a pig, a dog, a cow and a horse. Old McDonald had a pig, a dog, a cow, and a horse.  !Don ' t use a comma before “ and ” if two items are a unit ( “ Ham and eggs ” as a dish is a unit and should therefore not be separated by a comma) Example: Old McDonald had soup, ham and eggs and apple pie for dinner. Old McDonald had ham and eggs, and apple pie for dinner.

10.  !Don ' t use a comma if all items in an enumeration are separated by “ and ”, “ or ”, “ nor ” etc. Example: Old McDonald had a pig and a dog and a cow and a horse Old McDonald had a pig or a dog or a cow or a horse. Old McDonald neither had a pig nor a dog nor a cow nor a horse

11. 9 Comma between Main Clauses  Use a comma between two main clauses which are separated by and or but. Example: We ran out of fuel, and the nearest petrol station was 5 miles away.  Use a comma to separate parts of a sentences in a sequence (в последовательности) Example: She ran down the stairs, opened the door, saw her boyfriend(,) and gave him a kiss.  !Don ' t use a comma if these parts of the sentence are separated by and or but. Example: She ran down the stairs and opened the door and saw her boyfriend and gave him a kiss.

12. 10 Comma with Conditional Sentences  Use a comma if the if clause is at the beginning of the sentence. Example: If I go to London, I will visit the Tower.  !Don ' t use a comma if the if clause is at the end of the sentence. Example: I will visit the Tower if I go to London

13. 11 Comma with Direct Speech  Use a comma after the introductory clause. Example: She said, “ I was in London last year. ”  If the direct speech is at the beginning of the sentence, put the comma before the final quotation mark  (Don’tt use a full stop here.) Example: “ I was in London last year, ” she said. !Don’t use a comma after direct speech if the direct speech ends with a question mark or exclamation mark. Example: “ Were you in London last year? ” he asked. but: He asked, “ Were you in London last year? ” ) “ Great! ” she replied. but: She replied, “ Great!

14. 12 Comma with Introductory Clauses  Use a comma after introductory infintive clauses. Example: To improve her English, she practised on ego4u every day.  Use a comma after introductory prepositional clauses. Example: Before he went to New York, he had spent a year in Australia.  Use a comma after introductory participle clauses. Example: Having said this, he left the room.

15. 13 Comma with Additional Information  Use a comma if the additional information is not part of the main statement. Example: Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for giving me the opportunity to speak to you tod  Use a comma in relative clauses before who and which if the information is not essential for the understanding of the sentence. Example: Her brother, who lives in Chicago, came to see her..

16. 14 Comma with Opposites  Use a comma with opposites, even if they are separated by and or but. Example: It was the father, and not the son, who went to the disco every Friday.

17. Commas as Means of Readability  Commas help to keep the structure of the sentence clear so that the text is easy to read and understand.  A text is well structured if the reader knows where to pause.