1. HOW IMPORTANT ARE RELATIONSHIPS?

2. Gaul (France) & the Franks
****BOLD (& RED) IS WORTHY****
Gaul (France) & the Franks
Gaul → territory north of Italy inhabited by numerous tribes.
The Franks → tribe that would conquer Gaul and establish their kingdom in the late 5th Century

3. Clovis & the Merovingians
Merovingians → 1st dynasty to rule Franks.
Clovis=most important Merovingian king.
Converted to Christianity.
Enter Charles “the HAMMER” Martel

4. Charles Martel
CRUSADES: Holy war between Roman Catholic Church & Muslims
Muslims advanced from Spain and attempted to invade the Frankish Kingdom.
Martel would meet & beat the Muslims in the Battle of Tours in 732 → prevented Islam from moving into Central Europe

5. Pepin the Short Martel passed position as mayor to his son, Pepin.
Pepin sought to become king (Franks).
Pepin asked pope to crown him king → pope would ask for help against the Lombards, a tribe that attempted to conquer Italy

6. Pepin the Short (cont.)
Defeating the Lombards, Pepin crowned king of the Franks by the pope.
Pepin would also “cede” (give up power & authority to church) to the popes or the Papal States=(CHURCH POWER)
Papal States → territories in Italy under the control of the popes until the 1870's.

7. Charlemagne a.k.a. Charles the Great a.k.a. Carolus Magnus
Pepin's dies (768), his son Charles would take up the throne.
Charlemagne to extend the Frankish kingdom.
***Unified the territories for first time since the fall of Rome in 476

8. Charlemagne and the Pope
Charlemagne maintains relationship his father (Pepin) had with pope. (why good & bad????)
After defeating Lombards (AGAIN), pope crowned him Holy Roman Emperor → ruler of all territories previously held by the Romans.

9. Consequences of the Crowning
Charlemagne being crowned emperor was an achievement with consequences:
Gave pope papal supremacy → power over secular rulers (kings)
Made Church a government institution since one now had to ask the pope to be crowned emperor.
Made Charlemagne the protector of all of Christendom.
Created a rift between the Roman Catholic Church and the Byzantine Empire (later today)

10. Innovations by Charlemagne
split territory into smaller outposts with provincial rulers → known as counties.
Those who ruled over counties were known as “counts”.

11. Innovations in Education and the Arts
Charlemagne sought to improve the literacy rate in his kingdom to help speed up Christianization; he would be responsible for the construction of the first curriculum → plan for learning.
Improvement in learning led to a growth in monasticism → monks began to improve the copying of books (which led to…)
Would create “Carolingian miniscule” → writing or LOWER CASE LETTERS system in which spacing between letters and words is reduced and the size of the letters are reduced as well.

12. The End of Charlemagne and the Treaty of Verdun
***Charlemagne built empire larger than any since fall of Rome
Charlemagne's grandsons would divide the territory into 3 parts through the “Treaty of Verdun” in 843.

13. SHORT ANSWER RESPONSES= SMALL GROUP WORK
ANSWER THESE TODAY: YES WRITE THEM
HOW WERE PEPIN AND HIS SON SIMILAR?
HINTS: JOBS, FIGHTING, LEADERSHIP, OUTCOMES
HOW INFLUENTIAL WAS THE CHURCH?
HINTS: RESPONSIBILITY & POWER
EXPLAIN THE POSITIVES & NEGATIVES OF THE CHURCH & KINGS COMING TOGETHER?
WHAT DID CHARLEMAGNE DO TO BETTER THE FRANKISH KINGDOM?