2. Medical Terminology The Respiratory System

4. Functions of the Respiratory System Bring oxygen rich air to body cells Bring oxygen rich air to body cells Expel waste product of CO2 Expel waste product of CO2 Produce air flow through larynx making speech possible Produce air flow through larynx making speech possible

5. Structures of the Respiratory System

6. The nose Air enters body through nares and nasal cavity Air enters body through nares and nasal cavity Cilia Cilia Hairs inside the nostrils filters air Hairs inside the nostrils filters air Olfactory (smell) receptors Olfactory (smell) receptors Nasal septum Nasal septum Wall of cartilage that divides nose into two equal sections Wall of cartilage that divides nose into two equal sections

7. Sinuses Air filled cavities lined with mucous membrane Air filled cavities lined with mucous membrane Functions: Functions: Make bones of skull lighter Make bones of skull lighter Give resonance to voice Give resonance to voice Produce mucus to moisten, warm, filter air Produce mucus to moisten, warm, filter air

8. Pharynx AKA: the throat AKA: the throat Nasopharynx Nasopharynx Posterior to nasal cavity Posterior to nasal cavity Oropharynx Oropharynx Behind the mouth Behind the mouth Laryngopharynx Laryngopharynx Openings of esophagus and trachea Openings of esophagus and trachea

9. Tonsils Tonsils Tonsils Form protective circle to protect body from invading organisms

10. Epiglottis Lid-like structure at the base of the tongue Lid-like structure at the base of the tongue Closes glottis so food does not enter the trachea into the lungs Closes glottis so food does not enter the trachea into the lungs

11. Larynx AKA: voice box AKA: voice box Located between pharynx and trachea Located between pharynx and trachea Is protected by the thyroid cartilage: AKA: Adam’s apple Is protected by the thyroid cartilage: AKA: Adam’s apple Contains the vocal cords Contains the vocal cords

12. Trachea AKA: windpipe AKA: windpipe Protected by C- shaped cartilage Protected by C- shaped cartilage Divides into 2 major branches Divides into 2 major branches

13. Bronchi 2 major branches into each lung 2 major branches into each lung Bronchioles (AKA: bronchial tree) Bronchioles (AKA: bronchial tree) Smaller divisions of the bronchi Smaller divisions of the bronchi Alveoli (AKA: air sacs) Alveoli (AKA: air sacs) Walls are one cell thick and surrounded by network of capillaries Walls are one cell thick and surrounded by network of capillaries gas exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries gas exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries

14. Lungs Right lung Right lung Three lobes Three lobes Left lung Left lung Two lobes

15. Lungs Apex: top Apex: top Hilus: middle Hilus: middle Base: bottom Base: bottom Mediastinum Mediastinum between lungs between lungs

16. Lungs Pleura Pleura Mutilayered membrane surrounds each lung Mutilayered membrane surrounds each lung Pleural space Pleural space Airtight space between pleural membrane Airtight space between pleural membrane Pleural fluid- lubricant prevents friction Pleural fluid- lubricant prevents friction

17. Breathing Muscles Diaphragm Diaphragm Muscle separates thoracic and abdomen cavities Intercostal muscles Intercostal muscles Between ribs

18. Process of Respiration

19. Respiration External respiration External respiration Breathing Breathing Bringing air into and out of the lungs Bringing air into and out of the lungs Inhalation Inhalation diaphragm contracts and pulls downward diaphragm contracts and pulls downward Intercostals contract & raise rib cage Intercostals contract & raise rib cage Exhalation Exhalation diaphragm relaxes and moves up diaphragm relaxes and moves up Intercostals relax to lower rib cage Intercostals relax to lower rib cage Internal respiration Internal respiration Exchange of gases within the cells of all the body organs and tissues Oxygen passes from blood stream into tissue cells At same time carbon dioxide passes from tissue cells into blood stream

20. Pathology

21. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Chronic airflow limitation Chronic airflow limitation Asthma Asthma Chronic allergic disorder causing coughing and wheezing Chronic allergic disorder causing coughing and wheezing Emphysema Emphysema Loss of lung function due to decrease in total number of alveoli and destruction of alveoli walls Loss of lung function due to decrease in total number of alveoli and destruction of alveoli walls Main cause: smoking Main cause: smoking

22. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Congenital disorder lungs fill with large quantities of thick mucus Congenital disorder lungs fill with large quantities of thick mucus

23. Abnormal Breathing Eupnea Eupnea Normal breathing Normal breathing Tachypnea Tachypnea Rapid breathing >20/min Rapid breathing >20/min Bradypnea Bradypnea Slow breathing <20/min Slow breathing <20/min Rales Rales Popping sounds Popping sounds Wheeze Wheeze High pitched musical squeak High pitched musical squeak Dysphonia Dysphonia Hoarsness Hoarsness

24. Abnormal Breathing Apnea Apnea Absence of spontaneous respiration Absence of spontaneous respiration Dyspnea Dyspnea Difficulty breathing Difficulty breathing Cheyne-Stokes Cheyne-Stokes Periods of apnea followed by dyspnea Periods of apnea followed by dyspnea Hyperventilation Hyperventilation Rapid deep breathing Rapid deep breathing Hypoventilation Hypoventilation abnormally shallow breathing abnormally shallow breathing

25. Lack of Oxygen Asphyxiation Asphyxiation suffocation suffocation Hypoxia Hypoxia Low oxygen levels in cells Low oxygen levels in cells Cyanosis Cyanosis Bluish discoloration of skin Bluish discoloration of skin

26. Lack of Oxygen RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) Seen in premature infants with underdeveloped lung Seen in premature infants with underdeveloped lung ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) Injury to lung Injury to lung Atelectasis: collapsed lung Atelectasis: collapsed lung Pneumonia: bacterial or viral Pneumonia: bacterial or viral

27. Lack of Oxygen Pleural effusion Pleural effusion Fluid in pleural cavity prevents lung from expanding Fluid in pleural cavity prevents lung from expanding Hemothorax Hemothorax Blood in the pleural cavity Blood in the pleural cavity

28. URI (Upper Respiratory Infection) Rhinitis Rhinitis Inflammation of the nose Inflammation of the nose Bronchitis Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi Inflammation of the bronchi Laryngitis Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx Inflammation of the larynx Pharyngitis Pharyngitis Inflammation of pharynx Inflammation of pharynx Sinusitis Sinusitis Inflammation of the sinuses Inflammation of the sinuses Tonsillitis Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils Inflammation of the tonsils

29. URI (Upper Respiratory Infection) Epistaxis Epistaxis Nose bleed Nose bleed Influenza Influenza Flu virus Flu virus Croup Croup Acute respiratory syndrome in children Acute respiratory syndrome in children Hoarseness and barking cough Hoarseness and barking cough

30. Diagnostic Procedures

31. Respiratory rate Respiratory rate Amount of respirations in one minute Amount of respirations in one minute PFTs (pulmonary function test) PFTs (pulmonary function test) Test measure of lung capacity and ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide Test measure of lung capacity and ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

32. Diagnostic Procedures Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy Visual exam of bronchi Visual exam of bronchi Laryngoscopy Laryngoscopy Visual exam of larynx Visual exam of larynx

33. Diagnostic Procedures

34. Endotracheal intubation Endotracheal intubation Passage of tube through nose or mouth to establish airway Passage of tube through nose or mouth to establish airway

35. Diagnostic Procedures Tracheotomy Tracheotomy Emergency incision to gain access to airway below blockage Emergency incision to gain access to airway below blockage Tracheostomy Tracheostomy Inserting tube for passage air or removal of secretion Inserting tube for passage air or removal of secretion

36. Diagnostic Procedures Pneumonectomy Pneumonectomy Removal of part or all of the lung Removal of part or all of the lung Thoracentesis Thoracentesis Puncture to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnosis Puncture to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnosis

37. Respiratory Therapy

38. Medications Bronchoconstrictor Bronchoconstrictor Constricts bronchioles Constricts bronchioles Bronchodilator Bronchodilator Dilates bronchioles Dilates bronchioles

40. Respiratory Therapy Supplemental oxygen Supplemental oxygen Nasal cannula or rebreather mask Nasal cannula or rebreather mask Postural drainage Postural drainage Patient at different angle to remove lung secretions Patient at different angle to remove lung secretions Ventilator Ventilator Mechanical artificial breathing Mechanical artificial breathing Goal is to wean for normal breathing Goal is to wean for normal breathing Respirator Respirator Machine use to prolong artificial respiration Machine use to prolong artificial respiration

41. Supplemental oxygen Nasal cannula Nasal cannula

42. Rebreather mask

43. ventilator

44. respirator

45. Otorhinolaryngologists Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians that specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory tract. Surgical Removal Conditions Tonsillectomy Laryngectomy Lobectomy AdenoidectomyPneumonectomy

46. Surgical Repair bronchoplasty rhinoplasty laryngoplasty tracheoplasty septoplasty

47. Pharmacology Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with other system disorders. Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions: Bronchodilators Dilate the bronchial walls Expectorants Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

48. Mechanical Devices Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration Nebulizers Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems

49. Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions Antitussive Decongestants Expectorants (relieves coughing) (decreases and prevents mucus buildup) (promotes coughing and expelling of mucus)

50. That’s All Folks