1. Chapter 9: Verb Tenses and Parts
Need to know that verb change form (inflection) to indicate four ideas:
1. number (singular or plural)
2. person (first, second, or third)
3. voice (active or passive)
4. tense (time)
English verbs are not heavily inflected like French and German.

2. Level 1: Primary Tenses
Primary Tenses- also known as simple tenses, they indicate the past, present, and future.
Present Tense- express current or habitual action. These may be used in constructions showing future action.
Past Tense- show action that has been completed (in the past). Verbs are made past tense with -d or -ed.
Future Tense- shows actions that are expected to occur. Usually use -shall (not usually used) or -will.

3. Present
Singular
Tense
Plural
Past
Future
First
Person:
I need
we need
I needed
we needed
I will need
we will need
Second
you need
you needed
you will need
Third
he, she, it, needs
they need
he, she, it needed
they needed
he, she, it will need
they will need

4. Challenges Using Primary Tenses
Using the -s Form Verbs
Third person singular verbs require an -s end.
When the subject in singular (other than I or you)- add an -s to the present-tense form.
She works for a large corporation.
Expressing “timeless” facts
Present-tense are used to express “timeless” facts, even if they occur in sentences with other past-tense verbs
What did you say his duties are?
Spelling verbs that change form
If you are not sure about different spelling in verb tense, make sure to check the dictionary.

5. Level 1: Writing Exercise
1. Present tense of fly
2. Past tense of apply
3. Future tense of study
4. Present tense of learn
5. Past tense of cancel
6. Future tense of change
7. Present tense of buy
8. Past tense of trim

6. Level 2: Present and Past Participles
Present Participle- regular and irregular verbs is formed by adding -ing to the present tense of the verb. Needs to be preceded by one or more helping verbs.
Leanne is studying in South Africa.
Past Participle- is formed by adding a -d or -ed to the present tense of a verb. Must combine with one or more helping verbs- just like the present.
The figure have been checked by his supervisor.

7. Irregular Verbs
These verbs form the past tense by varying the root vowel.
Usually adds -en to the past participle
Present Tense: Today I drive.
Past Tense: Yesterday I drove.
Future Tense: Tomorrow I will drive.
Past Participle: In the past I have driven.
Present Participle: Next week I am driving.
Frequently Used Irregular Verbs listed on pg

8. Three Pairs of Frequently Misused Irregular Verbs
Lie-lay, sit-set, and raise-rise
These verbs cause confusion.
Lie-Lay
The verb lay is transitive and must have a direct object to complete its meaning.
Present
Past
Past Participle
Present Participle
Intransitive
Lie (to rest)
lay
lain
lying
Transitive
Lay (to place)
Laid (not layed)
laid
laying

9. Sit-Set Rise-Raise Intransitive verb sit (past tense, sat)
Means “to rest”
Needs no direct object
I like to sit in the front row in class.
Transitive verb set (past tense, set)
Means “to place”
Needs a direct object
We set a vase of flowers on the receptionist's desk. (a vase is the direct object)
Rise-Raise
Intransitive verb rise (past tense, rose; past participle, risen)
Means “to go up” or “to ascend”

10. Transitive verb raise (past tense, raised)
The sun rises every morning in the east. (every morning is an adverb phrase)
Transitive verb raise (past tense, raised)
Means “to lift up” or “to elevate”
Must have a direct object
Please raise the window. (window is the direct object)

11. Level 2: Exercise
Find any verb errors you find in the following sentences. Then find the correct form.
1. Ruth has chose to relocate to Chicago.
2. Candace buyed a Vespa so that she could get around the city more easily.
3. Blogs have became an important marketing tool for many businesses.
4. Many people have took a course called “The Seven Principles of Public Speaking” to learn how to speak like Barack Obama.
5. She payed a premium to get a copy of the book signed by the author.

12. Level 3: Progressive and Perfect Tenses
Progressive Tenses
Used to show continuous or repeated actions
Present-progressive- describes ongoing actions that are happening presently.
Past-progressive- describes ongoing actions that occurred in the past.
Future-progressive- describes ongoing actions that will take place in the future.
To form these tenses, add a form of to be to the present participle (-ing) form of a verb

13. Present-Perfect Tense
First Person
Present-Perfect Tense
Second Person
Third Person
I have heard
We have heard
You have heard
He, she, it has heard
They have heard
Past-Perfect Tense
I had heard
We had heard
You had heard
He, she, it had heard
They had heard
Future-Perfect Tense
I will have heard
We will have heard
You will have heard
He, she, it will have heard

14. Used to show actions that are already completed, or perfected.
Perfect Tenses
Used to show actions that are already completed, or perfected.
Present-perfect: describe actions that began in the past and have continued into the present
Past-perfect: describes past actions that took place before other past actions
Future-perfect: describes actions that will take place before other future actions.
To form these tenses, add a form of to have to the past participle form of a verb.

15. Present-Perfect Tense
First Person
Present-Perfect Tense
Second Person
Third Person
I have heard
We have heard
You have heard
He, she, it has heard
They have heard
Past-Perfect Tense
I had heard
We had heard
You had heard
He, she, it had heard
They had heard
Future-Perfect Tense
I will have heard
We will have heard
You will have heard
He, she, it will have heard

16. Level 3: Exercise
The verbs in the sentences are italicized, indicate the tense of these verbs.
1. Our supervisor will have made a decision by the end of the month.
2. We are impressed by what we are hearing.
3. Pierre Omidyar had hired Meg Whitman to revitalize eBay.
4. We have just seen the changes made to the Zappos Web site.
5. We will be seeing increased security measures at the airport.