1. 05 July 2016Foot Note1 Materials and Structures, Technologies for Space Celeste Pereira, Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering

2. 2 Focus on organic based composites and carbon nanotubes Encontro Ciência 2010, Lisboa 4-7 de Julho de 2010

3. 3 Materials and Structures for Space Needs/Technology Drivers  Lightweight  Strength and stiffness  Thermal conductivity for heat dissipation  Electrical conductivity for electric discharges and electromagnetic protection  Heat resistance for thermal protection  Radiation resistance  Wear and fatigue resistance Technologies  Advanced composite materials: CFRP, hybrid structures, etc.  Nanostructures: CNT, CNT-skeletons, etc,  Multifunctional and multiscale materials: CFRP/CNT  Ablative materials (e.g. cork-based composites) Encontro Ciência 2010, Lisboa 4-7 de Julho de 2010

4. 4 Carbon nanotubes (CNT) Encontro Ciência 2010, Lisboa 4-7 de Julho de 2010

5. 5 High mechanical modulus and strength. Good electrical and thermal conductivity Large aspect ratio and capillary properties Mechanical propertiesDensityThermalElectrical Young Modulus Tensile strengthg/cm3condutivity (W/mK)current density SWCNT*0.31-1.47TPa13-52GPa1.11-1.5600010 8 A/cm2 MWCNT*1.05TPa11-63GPa1.4-1.53000240x10 8 A/cm2 Carbon fibers 240 GPa 5.150GPa5.1501.741000 Glass fibers70 GPa2-4GPa2.50.05 Steel205MPa 7.8 Aluminium2.8220 Copper8.9400 Diamond1TPa 3.52900-2310 Pyrolitic Graphite 1.71200-2000 Carbon nanotubes (CNT): Properties Encontro Ciência 2010, Lisboa 4-7 de Julho de 2010

6. 6 CNT based composites Classification of CNT-based Materials COPE NAREMA Contexto de Projectos ESA no INEGI Encontro Ciência 2010, Lisboa 4-7 de Julho de 2010

7. 7 CNT-skeleton based composites CNT paper CNT felt CNT powder Encontro Ciência 2010, Lisboa 4-7 de Julho de 2010 Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009

8. Project NACO I – “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space” (2007-2009) The main objective of this project was to develop and characterize carbon nanotube (CNT) based composites, by infiltrating nanotube skeletons with either an organic or inorganic matrix. CNT-skeleton based composites

9. 9 Two part epoxy system specifically developed for low pressure RTM (infusion /injection) Very low viscosity: 110mPa.s High mechanical performances Temperature resistante(Tg > 80°C) Polymer Infiltration and cure CNT skeleton or buckypaper MWCNT, Diameter of the paper: 80mm CNT density: 1.4-1.5 g/cm3 CNT-skeleton based composites Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009

10. 10 SEM Observations along the thickness in the middle Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009 CNT-skeleton based composites Good impregnation of the CNT paper! 15-20 wt% amount of CNT!

11. 11 Mechanical behaviour Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009 CNT-skeleton based composites

12. Sample 1: along the thickness Sample 2: along the thicknessSample 3: along the thickness Sample 4: along the thickness Work done under the ESA Project “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009 12 SEM Observations CNT-skeleton based composites Future work: Stabilization of CNT-skeletons; optimization of manufacturing processes; scale-up (NACO II)

13. Assembly of Ultra-light CFRP electronic housing (in- and outboard) parties Optical bench Heat sink for RF Generators CNT-skeleton based composites: space applications

14. 14 CNT based composites Classification of CNT-based Materials COPE NAREMA Contexto de Projectos ESA no INEGI

15. Project COPE – “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” (2008-2010), (ARTES 5 Program) Partners: HPS (D), INEGI (P), TUHH (D), Astrium-EADS (D), INVENT (D), ARC (A), FutureCarbon (D), University of Bayreuth (D) The main objective of this project is to produce multiscale and multifunctional carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) incorporating carbon nanotubes for improved properties - mechanical, thermal and electrical properties - for structural elements and payloads CFRP with CNT based matrix

16. 16 CFRP with CNT based matrix CNT doped resin Carbon fibre fabric

17. 17 Work done under the ESA Project COPE - “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” ”, 2008-2010 CFRP with CNT based matrix CFRP/CNT material

18. Mechanical behaviour Work done under the ESA Project COPE - “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” ”, 2008- 2010 CFRP with CNT based matrix

19. 19 SEM O BSERVATIONS Sample 21: in the middle Sample 21: in the interface Sample 20: in the middle Sample 20: in the matrix Work done under the ESA Project COPE - “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” ”, 2008-2010 CFRP with CNT based matrix Carbon fiber in the interface matrix

20. Project NAREMA – “Nanotube Reinforced Structural Materials for Spacecraft Applications”, ESA Contract (2010-2012) CFRP with CNT based matrix: applications The main objective of this project is to produce multiscale carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) incorporating carbon nanotubes for improved properties mechanical for spacecraft and launcher structures.

21. Antennas Waveguides Formation of a sensing network Damage monitoringInter and intralaminar reinforcement CFRP with CNT based matrix: applications

22. 22 Structural adhesives Sensors and actuators Structural health monitoring Thermal management and protection Electrostatic dissipation in electronic devices Electromagnetic-wave shielding Catalysis and Fuel Cells Hydrogen &Gas Storage Batteries& Capacitors CNT-based composites: terrestrial applications

23. Project DEAM- “Development of an European Ablative Material for Heatshields of Sample Return Missions”, ESA Contract (2008-2010) The main objective of this project is to develop European Ablative Material for Heatshields of Sample Return. Ablative materials before and after test Support structure Ablative Materials

24. Ablative Materials: cork based heatshields

25. 05 July 2016Foot Note25 Acknowledgements Financial Support by ESA and FCT (Portuguese delegation and Programa Ciência) is gratefully acknowledged. HPS Coordination and project management “lessons” Colleagues of work: Marta Martins (INEGI), Paulo Nóvoa (INEGI), Dinis Dias (INEGI), Ivo Costa (INEGI) Ernst Pfeiffer (HPS), Pedro Portela (HPS), Stefan Forero (Future Carbon), Paulo Lopes (PIEP), Felicitas Hepp (HPS), Maximilian Klebor (HPS), Vincent Calard (ARC), Laurent Pambaguian (ESTEC), HansGeorg Wulz (EADS-Astrium)

26. Encontro Ciência 2010, Lisboa 4-7 de Julho de 201026 Thank you!