1. Properties of Water  Water is a polar molecule – it has a region with a slightly (+) positive charge and a region with a slightly (-) negative charge.  This means a hydrogen bond can form between water molecules.  Adhesion – the attraction among molecules of different substances.

2. Why is water necessary to your body? It dissolves and transports substances. It is the main component of cytoplasm and blood. When astronomers look for evidence of life on other planets, they typically search for evidence of water. Why? Because if there is water life can survive. Water is also the medium in which all chemical reactions in cells take place.

3. Solution – mixture of substances that is the same throughout. There are 2 parts of a solution: Solvent – present in the greater amount and dissolves the other substance. Solute – substance that dissolves in a solvent.

4. Precursor molecules Single molecules (monomers) that link together to form larger molecules (polymers) in living organisms.

5. Precursor molecules of Macromolecules Nucleotides make nucleic acids, and amino acids make proteins.

6. Chemical reactions release or absorb energy. Activation energy – the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a reaction to start. Ex. Energy needed to push a rock up a hill. Exothermic – reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs. Given off as heat or light. Ex. Cellular Respiration - uses glucose & oxygen to provide energy for cells and heat to keep your body warm, Fireflies Endothermic – reaction absorbs more energy than it releases. Ex. Photosynthesis- plants absorb energy from sunlight and we use that energy to make sugar and complex carbohydrates.

7. Catalyst Substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction, but increases the rate of the reaction.

8. Enzymes contribute to chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy required to make the reaction occur.

9. Enzymes Involved in almost every process in organisms. Almost all enzymes are proteins. Depend on it’s structure to function properly.

10. Carbon is unique due to it’s bonding properties. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are: Carbohydrates – sugars and starches Lipids – fats, oils & cholesterol Proteins – proteins, enzymes Nucleic acids – DNA, RNA

11. Carbohydrates Types: Sugars & Starches Monomer – Monosaccharide Polymer – Polysaccharide Functions: Energy, Part of plant cell structure

12. Lipids Types: Fats, Oils & Cholesterol Monomer: Fatty acids & Glycerol Polymer: None Functions: energy, cell membrane(phospholipid) communication

13. Proteins Types: proteins, enzymes Monomer: Amino acids Polymer: Protein Functions: Movement, eyesight, digestion (Everything)

14. Nucleic Acids Types: DNA, RNA Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acid Function: Genetic information & work together to make proteins

15. Diseases involving enzymes What happens if an enzyme is missing or defective? Enzymes are critical for chemical reactions in humans. There are many disorders involving enzyme deficiencies.

16. Research Project Research the effect of an enzyme deficiency Phenylketonuria Galactosemia Lactose Intolerance Albinism 1. Identify the enzyme involved and its function. 2. Explain how a person’s health is affected by this enzyme. 3. Describe the signs and symptoms. 4. Describe the effects of not treating the deficiency and what would be the treatment.

17. Research Project Group leader needs to make sure each person has a part to complete. 1 Paper turned in for the group with each persons name on the cover sheet. Typed, double spaced, Times New Roman, 12 pt. font Due Date: Thur., Sept. 6, 2012

18. Notebook Check Friday, Aug. 31, 2012 1. Syllabus 2. Safety Contract 3. Notes 8/23 – Properties of Water 4. Scientific Method Handout 5. Vocabulary Words (28) 6. Notes 8/29 – Chp. 2 7. Macromolecule Chart