1. The family tree of life – everything is connected

2. The tree of life Classification of life: Linnaeus Phylogenetic (=evolutionary) relationships among living organisms: Darwin http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ Modern systematics: Five kingdoms - Margulis Tree of life

3. bacteria archea eukaryotes animals protoctista plants prokaryotes

4. How to find out who is related Look for similarities (like in the classification exercise) ! Similarities in genes (like paternity tests) Similarities in looks/morphology Similarities in behavior Tree of life

5. bacteria archea eukaryotes animals protoctista plants prokaryotes

6. What are prokaryotes? Different cells prokaryote cell eukaryote cell

7. Tree of life bacteria archea eukaryotes animals protoctista plants prokaryotes

8. Protoctista

9. Tree of life bacteria archea eukaryotes animals protists fungi plants tunicates vertebrates Sponges Cnidaria: jellyfish & corals Molluscs: snails, octopus mammals birds fish reptiles Bilateria Arthropods: insects, crabs Nematodes http://www.tolweb.org/tree/

10. Tree of life bacteria archea eukaryotes animals protists fungi plants tunicatesvertebrates sponges jellyfish & corals snails & cephalopods mammals birds fish reptiles bryozoans

11. Tree of life bacteria archea eukaryotes animals protoctista plants prokaryotes The tree of life is an illustration showing how all life is connected by common heritage.

12. What is science? Finding out about the world using the Scientific Method

13. The scientific method includes: Hypotheses Predictions Data Test The scientific method

14. Put forward a hypothesis with a prediction different from that of alternative hypotheses Collect data Check results against the prediction: refute either hypothesis or alternatives The scientific method

15. Incredibly successful! Excludes bias Otherwise: it is VERY easy to make up an explanation after the fact The scientific method Why this method?

16. The enlightenment: Individual freedom Freedom of speech Equal rights Everyone can question everything – it is not enough that some authority says it Modern medicine The scientific method What are the consequences of the scientific approach?

17. ScienceNot science Hypothesis Theory Evidence support/contra dict Guess Truth Proof prove/disprove Inference: sometimes an underlying law or process can be inferred but not directly observed; this is often how a theory is developed. Scientific language

18. ScienceNot science Hypothesis Theory Evidence support/contra dict Guess Truth Proof prove/disprove only in mathematics! Scientific language

19. ScienceNot science Hypothesis Theory Evidence support/contra dict Guess Truth Proof prove/disprove Scientific language

20. The scientific method Hypotheses Predictions Data Test The scientific method This is what made democracy possible Modern medicine effective Free speech reasonable Everybody can question everything – but not the facts/observations made.