1. Waterfowl of the Midwest Fly Region

2. What do Waterfowl Need?

3. Wetlands : Lowlands covered with shallow and sometimes temporary or intermittent waters

4. Wetland Losses

5. Wetland History 1600-1900 1600 Colonization: Gov’t incentives to drain. Agriculture and Timber 1700 Swampy lands bred diseases, restricted travel, impeded food & fiber production. Eliminate & reclaim. 1800 Westward expansion 1924 Lock & Dam Miss. River

6. Lock & Dam

7. Horicon Marsh 1846 Dammed, flooded – Named Lake Horicon. 1869 Dam removed – back to marsh. 1904 Attempts to drain convert to truck farms. 1927 State Horicon Marsh and Wildlife Refuge. 1990 Federal purchases Northern half.

8. Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act. 1934 Congress: First piece of legislation to initiate acquiring & restoring America's wetlands. $21,000,000 in 1994

9. Wetland Types Marshes, swamps, bogs, wet meadows, potholes, sloughs, and river-overflow lands.

10. Marsh Muskrat house in cattail marsh

11. Marsh A. Frequently or continually inundated with water B. Soft-stemmed vegetation adapted to saturated soil condition. C. Non-tidal marshes most prevalent wetland in North America.

12. Marsh - Function 1.Recharge groundwater 2.Moderate stream flow 3.Sediment & pollutants settle to marsh floor. 4.Marsh vegetation & microorganisms use excess nutrients like NPK from fertilizer.

13. Swamp 1.Dominated by woody plants. 2.Many kinds - forested red maple swamps of N.East, to hardwood forests along S. Eastern rivers. 3.Saturated soils during growing season,& standing water during other times. 4.Highly organic, black, nutrient-rich, soils 5. Plants, birds, fish, & invertebrates: freshwater shrimp, crayfish, clams

14. Swamp - Status Due to nutrient-rich soils, >70 % of Nation's floodplain swamps lost. Agriculture & other development.

15. Bog Spongy peat deposits, acidic waters, & thick carpet of sphagnum moss. Receive most H20 from precipitation vs runoff, groundwater or streams. Low in nutrients needed for plant growth Acid forming peat mosses.

16. Two ways bogs develop Sphagnum moss grows over lake or pond & fills (terrestrialization) Sphagnum covers land & prevents H20 from leaving (paludification)..opposite …. Many feet of acidic peat deposits build up Unique plant & animals adapted to low nutrient, waterlogged conditions, & acidic H20

17. Bog Carlisle Bog in Alaska. Unlike the rest of the United States, Alaska still has most of its wetlands.

18. Fen H20 & nutrients other than precipitation: upslope sources, drainage from surrounding soils & groundwater movement Less acidic & higher nutrient level than bogs. More diverse plant and animals If peat grows- separates fen from groundwater supply- becomes bog.

19. What is the result of maintained wetlands?

21. Sources http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/types/