1. In poultry houses, ammonia can be harmful to health and performance of both birds and human workers at levels as low as 25 ppm. Poultry litter, excreta and bedding material, is a large repository for organic nitrogen Uric acid and urea constitute nearly 70% of the total N in poultry litter, and both organic N sources are converted to ammonia through the function of two microbial enzymes, uricase & urease (Fig.1) microbial urease enzyme The direct production of ammonia from the litter is a result of the microbial urease enzyme, which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide If urease activity can be reduced/eliminated, then urea will not be hydrolyzed. This results in: 1.reduced ammonia volatilization (better for flock health and performance) 2.litter with higher organic-N content (more valuable as a fertilizer for crops and food source for livestock) Our goals were to: 1. Identify the major urease producing bacteria in poultry litter QRT-PCR 2. Design a quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) assay(s) to specifically target these dominant bacterial urease producing group(s) BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES MATERIALS AND METHODS Total DNA was extracted from a litter samples from a poultry house, using a commercially available kit ureC Using PCR primers that specifically target the  -subunit of the bacterial urease gene (ureC), urease genes were amplified and clone libraries of those PCR products were created to determine the diversity of urease genes in poultry litter PLUP Phylogenetic analyses of the clone libraries revealed a single dominant group of ureC sequences from poultry litter. These sequences were aligned and QRT-PCR primers and probe were designed to specifically target this group of poultry litter urease producers (PLUP) A QRT-PCR assay was designed and optimized for poultry litter samples. The specificity and sensitivity of this assay was also determined To determine the applicability of this assay, two experiments were performed 1.Determination of which physiochemical litter parameters tend to influence PLUP concentrations, as determine by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 2.Track PLUP concentrations in litter amended with alum to determine the effect of acidified litter on microbial ammonia producing populations, specifically in relation to organic nitrogen levels Special Thanks to: Chad Penn (Oklahoma State University) Dana Miles (USDA-ARS WM&FRU) John Sorrell (USDA-ARS AWMRU) Jason Simmons (USDA-ARS AWMRU) Stacy Antle (USDA-ARS AWMRU) Tinesha Mack (USDA-ARS AWMRU) For More Information Contact: Michael J Rothrock Jr, Ph.D. USDA-ARS AWMRU 230 Bennett Lane Bowling Green, KY 42104 Phone: 270-781-2260 ext. 223 Fax: 270-781-7994 E-mail: mrothrock@ars.usda.gov EFFICIENCY AND SPECIFICITY OF QRT—PCR ASSAY The ureC standard template DNA exhibited a strong linear fluorescent response over 8 orders of magnitude (10 1 – 10 8 copies, r 2 = 0.995, Fig. 3) Calculated efficiencies were similar between the ureC standard template (104%) and poultry litter DNA templates of known concentration (102%), indicating that most of the target sequence is being amplified during each PCR cycle Correct amplification was observed down to 0.1 ng of DNA per PCR reaction, which according to regression analysis equals approximately 10 2 ureC copies per PCR reaction A variety of environmental samples and pure cultures were used to test the specificity of this assay for the PLUP group (Table 2). Using general ureC primers (same as ones used to create initial clone library), all but one pure culture was urease positive. Only the poultry litter DNA sample was found to produce positive amplification from this assay, showing that this assay is specific for the PLUP group, and not any other urease producers Figure 3: (A) Readout of fluorescence as a function of PCR cycle. (B) Regression analysis of the log quantity of the ureC standard templateas a function of threshold cycle (C T ) EFFECT OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON PLUP CONCENTRATIONS Figure 4: PCA analyses of the physiochemical litter parameters shown in Table 3. Factor 1 accounts for 42.3% of the variance while factor 2 accounts for 33.2%. Poultry Litter from 3 states (KY, OK, MS) and 8 different houses were analyzed based on physiochemical and microbiological properties (Table 3). PLUP concentrations ranged from 6x10 6 – 2.4x10 8 cells per gram litter, and accounted for anywhere between 0.1 – 3.1% of the total bacterial population only total bacterial cell concentrations were found to be directly, positively correlated to PLUP concentrations (r = 0.76)Based on regression analyses, only total bacterial cell concentrations were found to be directly, positively correlated to PLUP concentrations (r = 0.76) Physical litter parameters (litter composition, moisture content, pH; r = 0.32-0.40) were more positively correlated to PLUP concentrations that the chemical parameters (Organic-N, Total N, Total C; r = 0.05-0.13) PCA analyses revealed that approximately 75% of the variance in the dataset could be explained by two factors (Factor 1 = 42.3% and Factor 2 = 33.2%) The log of the PLUP concentrations clustered closely to the physical litter parameters, as well as NH 4 -N, distinct from the chemical litter parameter cluster (Fig. 4). This indicates that the PLUP concentrations and the physical parameters of the litter are affected similarly by these two factors. TRACKING N-TRANSFORMATIONS IN AMENDED POULTRY LITTER Alum is a common acidifying litter amendment that is used to reduce ammonia volatilization from poultry houses Much work has involved the affect of alum addition on litter chemistry and emissions, but very little has been done in regards to the effects on the microbial communities in the litter Since alum directly influences the volatilization of ammonia, does it affect this dominant group of ammonia producers in chicken litter?Since alum directly influences the volatilization of ammonia, does it affect this dominant group of ammonia producers in chicken litter? Incubations were set-up with triplicate litter samples receiving either 10% (w/w) alum or no alum. Containers were maintained at a constant temperature (25 °C) in an incubator and the litter was sampled for physiochemical and microbiological analyses every 2 - 4 weeks. PLUPPLUP concentrations were measured using our QRT-PCR assay Amount of organic N hydrolyzed was calculated the measuring the litter uric acid content (via spectroscopic analyses) at monthly intervals and comparing those values to the original uric acid content of the litter. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 024681012141618 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Organic N Hydrolyzed (mg/kg initial organic N) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Sampling Week 024681012141618 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Concentration of PLUP cells (% Original) Organic N hydrolyzed (mg/kg initial) Concentration of PLUP Cells (% Original) Organic N Hydrolyzed (mg/kg initial organic N) Non Alum Treated Litter Alum Treated Litter A B Figure 5: Effect of Alum addition to poultry litter on the concentration of the dominant urease producers (Pink Lines; expressed as % of original concentration and Week 0) and amount organic N hydrolyzed (Green Lines; expressed as mg organic N/ kg of organic N at Week 0) (A) Non Alum Treated Litter (B) Alum Treated Litter PLUPIn non-alum treated litter (Fig. 5A), PLUP concentrations peaked at week 4, and quickly died off by week 8 PLUP organic N hydrolysisThe peak in PLUP concentration coincided with the largest amount of organic N hydrolysis seen during the experiment, indicating the role of PLUP in organic N hydrolysis in non-acidified litter PLUPIn alum treated litter (Fig. 5B), PLUP concentrations were reduced by 90% by week 4, and reduced 100% by week 8 uric acid hydrolysisMinimal uric acid hydrolysis was observed by week 4, and the large hydrolysis event was not observed until week 8 PLUP was not responsible for a bulk of the organic-N hydrolysis in acidified litter CONCLUSIONS According to our analyses, poultry litter microbial communities are dominated by a single group of urease producers (PLUP), that are distinct from all other urease producersAccording to our analyses, poultry litter microbial communities are dominated by a single group of urease producers (PLUP), that are distinct from all other urease producers Our QRT-PCR assay specifically and efficiently targets this PLUP group, which represents significant portions of the total bacterial populations in the poultry litters (up to 3%)Our QRT-PCR assay specifically and efficiently targets this PLUP group, which represents significant portions of the total bacterial populations in the poultry litters (up to 3%) Given published data on average flock concentration, litter production and the specific activity of the urease enzyme isolated from similar animal agricultural systems, these concentrations of PLUP cells could account for between 9.4x10 6 – 2.4x10 7 mg NH 3 per house per day at larger poultry production facilitiesGiven published data on average flock concentration, litter production and the specific activity of the urease enzyme isolated from similar animal agricultural systems, these concentrations of PLUP cells could account for between 9.4x10 6 – 2.4x10 7 mg NH 3 per house per day at larger poultry production facilities According to our physiochemical analyses, PLUP concentrations were directly positively correlated to total cell concentrations, although they were also shown to cluster close to physical litter parameters in our PCA analyses Alum amended litter was shown to have a definite negative affect on the survival of PLUP cells, resulting in a 1 month faster reduction in PLUP concentrations as compared to normal litter Future studies include the use of this assay to determine the affect of common and novel litter amendments on microbial populations in poultry litter. Common amendments include AL+ Clear ®, and PLT ®, and the PLUP results will be compared to ammonia emission data, as well as to total-, organic-, NH 3 -, and NO 3 -N. A similar study aimed at characterizing the dominant uricase (converts uric acid to allantoin; Fig. 1) producer(s) is currently underway. Since no general uricase primer sets exist, we are testing numerous group/organism specific uricase primers to create clone libraries. These libraries will be used to develop QRT-PCR primers/probe and similar assays will be developed. Selective culturing experiments are also underway to isolate uric acid producers directly from poultry litter. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Quantification of a Novel Group of Ammonia Producing Bacteria Found in Poultry Litter by Quantitative Real-time PCR Michael J Rothrock Jr., Kimberly L. Cook, Nanh Lovanh, Jason G. Warren, Karamat Sistani USDA-ARS Animal Waste Management Research Unit Bowling Green KY 42104 OligoNameSequence (5’-3’)Insertsize ureC-QRT-FTTCACACCTTCCACACCGAA103bp ureC-QRT-RAACGTCGGGTTGGTCGAG ureC-QRT-PCGGTGGACACGCACCAGATATCT Table 1: Primers/Probe used to target dominant Poultry Litter Urease Producers (PLUP) OligoName’-3’Insertsize ureC-QRT-FTTCACACCTTCCACACCAA103bp ureC-QRT-RAACGTCGGGTTGGTCGAG ureC-QRT-PCGGTGGACACGCACCAGATATCT SURVEY OF POULTRY LITTER UREASE PRODUCERS 145/168 (~90%) of poultry litter ureC clones formed a distinct cluster (Fig. 2), unlike any ureC sequence in the GenBank database (73% similar to P. aeruginosa) Two different sets of ureC PCR primers were used, and two different T M ’s were used to create this library. All combinations shows the dominance of this unique group of sequences These 145 sequences were aligned, and QRT-PCR primers & probe were designed (Table 1) to target a 103 bp region of ureC from this group of dominant poultry litter urease producers (PLUP) One of these clones were used to create a standard of known copy number for the QRT-PCR assay. The standards contained ten-fold dilutions of the target sequence (10 8 – 10 1 copies per PCR reaction) Figure 2: Phylogenetic (Neighbor Joining) tree of general ureC clone library from poultry litter. The red box represents ~90% of all recovered sequences. This group is the dominant poultry litter urease producer (PLUP)