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Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Research Questions To what extent is family support related to reoffending for individuals recently released.

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Presentation on theme: "Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Research Questions To what extent is family support related to reoffending for individuals recently released."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Research Questions To what extent is family support related to reoffending for individuals recently released from state prisons? Do recent victimization experiences influence this relationship?

3 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Literature Review Age-graded theory of informal social control (Laub & Sampson 2003, Sampson & Laub 1993) Obligation to family members  higher costs of crime Routine activities altered  less time spent with criminal peers Direct social control from family members

4 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Literature Review Social support (Cullen 1994, Cohen & Wills 1985) Main effects model: everyone benefits from social support regardless of stressful life events Buffering model: social support most benefits individuals who are experiencing stressful life event

5 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Serious & Violent Offender Reentry Initiative SVORI impact evaluation of 12 programs Interviews with SVORI participants and comparison group 5 30 days Prior to Release (Wave 1) 3 Months Post-release (Wave 2) 9 Months Post-release (Wave 3) 15 Months Post-release (Wave 4) MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales 1,6973579842441,0352531,113276

6 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Dependent Variables National Crime Information Center (NCIC): any arrest Self report: any crime, violent crime, drug crime 6 3 Months Post-release 9 Months Post-release 15 Months Post-release Any arrest 16%31%29% Any crime 23%36% Violent 2%5%6% Drug 16%28%26%

7 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Key Explanatory Variables Emotional family support (10 items, α =.832 -.871) Sample items: I feel close to my family, I want my family to be involved in my life, My family understands me… Mean: 21.56 – 22.34 Instrumental family support (5 items, α =.888 -.891) I have someone in my family who would provide … help or advice on finding a place to live. help or advice on finding a job. support for dealing with a substance abuse problem. transportation to work or other appointments if needed. me with financial support. Mean: 10.94 – 11.36 7

8 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Key Explanatory Variables Frequency of recent victimization (α =.846 -.893) Threatened with being hit 1 = never to 7 = several times / wk Having something thrown at you 1 = never to 7 = several times / wk Pushed/grabbed/ shoved 1 = never, 4 = once to 14 = several times /wk Slapped/kicked/bitten/hit with fist 1 = never, 4 = once to 14 = several times /wk Threatened with a weapon or weapon used on you 1 = never, 6 = once to 21 = several times / wk Mean:.37 -.60 8

9 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Control Variables Demographics: age, gender, race Criminal history Number of prior convictions Original offense type (property or other) Original incarceration length SVORI participation Services received scale (0-10) Supervision Frequency of in-person contact with PO (0-3) PO case management scale (8 items; 0-1) 9

10 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Methods Logistic regression – listwise deletion Ln (3 months arrest) = a + b (W2 emotional support) + b (W2 instrumental support) + b (controls) + e Ln (3 months arrest) = a + b (W2 ES) + b (W2 IS) + b (ES * victimization) + b (IS * victimization) + b (controls) + e 10

11 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Reoffending 3 Months Post-Release Any Arrest Exp (B) Any Crime Exp (B) Violent Crime Exp (B) Drug Crime Exp (B) W2 Emotional support.980.923***.944*.882*** W2 Instrumental support 1.0731.0671.0551.095 W2 Services received.890.9891.0001.022 W2 PO in person contact.9311.244***.9041.412*** W2 Criminogenic nbhd. 1.0111.071*1.076**1.115*** W2 Victimization frequency 1.424***1.479***5.738***1.374*** W2 Need mental health tx. 1.7301.3011.1021.265 W2 Need AOD treatment.7253.085***1.1623.621*** Nagelkerke’s R 2.252.329.388.361 Model x 2 113.8***214.3***282.9***204.1*** 11 Other controls included in model, but not shown: age, gender, race, criminal history, SVORI, original incarceration length, PO case management, electronic monitoring, antisocial family, legal cynicism, current incarceration status *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p <.1

12 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Reoffending 3-9 Months Post-Release Any Arrest Exp (B) Any Crime Exp (B) Violent Crime Exp (B) Drug Crime Exp (B) W3 Emotional support 1.001.967.958.973 W3 Instrumental support.9561.0671.0621.048 W3 Services received 1.220**.959.9601.107 W3 PO in person contact.897.916.935.858 W3 Criminogenic nbhd..0001.094**1.0361.100*** W3 Victimization frequency 1.229***1.546***5.816***1.377*** W3 Need mental health tx..8841.3391.619.747 W3 Need AOD treatment 1.736**4.945***.5955.796*** Nagelkerke’s R 2.309.462.523.443 Model x 2 144.0***240.3***293.3***206.1*** 12 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p <.1 Other controls included in model, but not shown: age, gender, race, criminal history, SVORI, original incarceration length, PO case management, electronic monitoring, antisocial family, legal cynicism, current incarceration status

13 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Reoffending 9-15 Months Post-Release Any Arrest Exp (B) Any Crime Exp (B) Violent Crime Exp (B) Drug Crime Exp (B) W4 Emotional support.884**.877***.918*.864*** W4 Instrumental support 1.1381.0621.0391.094 W4 Services received 1.303*1.1901.120.994 W4 PO in person contact 1.1171.369*.9811.350* W4 Criminogenic nbhd..0001.126**.9601.082 W4 Victimization frequency 1.359**1.393***5.357***1.116*** W4 Need mental health tx..516.8261.684.643 W4 Need AOD treatment 1.8824.305***1.3517.126*** Nagelkerke’s R 2.623.458.538.406 Model x 2 228.0***163.6***207.7***127.4*** 13 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p <.1 Other controls included in model, but not shown: age, gender, race, criminal history, SVORI, original incarceration length, PO case management, electronic monitoring, antisocial family, legal cynicism, current incarceration status

14 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Takeaways from Direct Effects Emotional support Reduces recidivism in some time periods Instrumental support No direct effect Victimization Large direct effect 14

15 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Reoffending 3 Months Post-Release Any Arrest Exp (B) Any Exp (B) Violent Exp (B) Drug Exp (B) Main effect of emotional support --.910***--.862*** Main effect of victimization 1.308*1.860***2.231***1.742*** Emotional support * victimization --1.074***--1.069*** Change in Nagelkerke R 2.263 to.263.329 to.348.421 to.422.362 to.380 Main effect of instrumental support -- 1.133** Main effect of victimization 1.263*1.713***2.117***.352*** Instrumental support * victimization --1.087***--1.084** Change in Nagelkerke R 2.263 to.266.329 to.339.421 to.422.362 to.369 15 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p <.1

16 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Reoffending 3-9 Months Post-Release Any Arrest Exp (B) Any Exp (B) Violent Exp (B) Drug Exp (B) Main effect of emotional support -- Main effect of victimization 1.240**1.621***1.934***1.407*** Emotional support * victimization 1.021*-- Change in Nagelkerke R 2.273 to.278.411 to.412.354 to.355.350 to.351 Main effect of instrumental support -- Main effect of victimization 1.209**1.621***1.904***1.386*** Instrumental support * victimization -- Change in Nagelkerke R 2.273 to.275.411 to.412.378 to.391.350 to.351 16 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p <.1

17 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Reoffending 9-15 Months Post-Release Any Arrest Exp (B) Any Exp (B) Violent Exp (B) Drug Exp (B) Main effect of emotional support.884***.911***.866*.905** Main effect of victimization 1.270**1.486***1.834***1.242* Emotional support * victimization --1.040*-- Change in Nagelkerke R 2.308 to.308.413 to.417.378 to.389.359 to.359 Main effect of instrumental support -- Main effect of victimization 1.271**1.487***1.904***-- Instrumental support * victimization -- Change in Nagelkerke R 2.308 to.308.413 to.417.378 to.391.359 to.359 17 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p <.1

18 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Takeaways Interaction terms not significant and small improvements in model fit (Nagelkerke R 2 ) No support for buffering hypothesis 18

19 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Implications for Post-Release Supervision Supervision officers assess support available Encourage relationships Direct releasees without supportive families to additional services Family-based programming Family counseling services Social services available to family Victimization Improve screening Expand services 19

20 Caitlin J. Taylor, Ph.D. La Salle University Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice taylorc@lasalle.edu 20

21 Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Citation Taylor, Caitlin J. (2015). Recent Victimization & Recidivism: The Potential Moderating Effects of Family Support. Violence & Victims, 30 (2).

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