1. The Expansive Realm of Islam Chapter 14

2. Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant Visions c. 610 CE Archangel Gabriel Monotheism Attracts followers to Mecca

3. The Hijra Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industry Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE – Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma

4. Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Return to Mecca, 630 CE Conversion of Mecca to Islam Replaced pagan sites with mosques – Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca – Approved as pilgrimage site

5. The Ka'aba

6. The Quran Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632)

7. Five Pillars of Islam One – Make a declaration of the faith Two – Daily Prayer facing Mecca – Many pray in Mosques or houses of worship Three – Charity for the poor Four – Fasting during Ramadan Five – Pilgrimage to Mecca known as the Hajj

8. Elements of the Faith Sharia: Islamic Holy Law – Codification of Islamic law – Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis – Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity Jihad: “struggle” – Against vice – Against ignorance of Islam

9. Expansion of Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sassanid territories – Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory Dar al-Islam – Lands under Islamic rule

10. Expansion of Islam

11. Sunni/Shia/Sufi Sunni Abu Bakr Considered Traditionalists for accepting early Caliphs Umayyad were Sunni Sufi missionaries – Asceticism, mysticism – Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Shia Ali Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers

12. The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) From Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Tax on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority

14. The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces

15. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadi) Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) – High point of Abbasid dynasty – Baghdad center of commerce – Great cultural activity

16. Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne

17. Economy of Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops – Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasons – Agricultural sciences develop – Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge

18. Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes – ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 th century Camel caravans Maritime trade

19. Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop – Sakk (“check”) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al- Islam promotes trade Joint ventures common

20. Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8 th c. Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty – Formed own caliphate – Tensions, but interrelationship

21. Cultural influences on Islam Persia – Administration and governance – literature India – Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece – Philosophy, esp. Aristotle – Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)